Freud and the Unconscious Essay Example for Free

Freud and the Un conscious EssayFew theories hold more bewitch than that of merciful psychology. Throughout history, many have sought to decode the structure of the principal. Amongst those who were determined to investigate the nature of psychic material, one of the most prominent remain Sigmund Freud (also known as the archaeologist of the mind). Freud had very pronounced views on the innate components of human psychology, within which one idea remained central the unconscious mind mind he uses this concept to make sense of phenomenons such as that of parapraxes. In his essay, The Unconscious, Freud introduces a unique perception of human thought, action, interaction and experience. He enlarge a state of dualism that exists in our psychical life in stating, consciousness includes only a sm each(prenominal) content, so that the greater part of what we call conscious knowledge must in any case be for very considerable periods of time in a state of latency, that is to say, of being psychically unconscious (2). He argues that although we be blind to our unconscious mind, it determines a greater part of our behavioural being and participates just as much as psychical drill as our conscious mind.Freud also adds, In every(prenominal) instance where repression has succeeded in inhibiting the development of affects, we term those affects unconscious (7). He states that the unconscious is where repressed desires are stored, ideas that are suppressed from surfacing into the realm of our awareness e. g. we recognise our emotions we feel because they have moved from amongst the elements of the unconscious mind to the conscious mind. The notion of what you see is not all there is, of the uncertainty of appearance or self-knowledge is a message that identifies very well with Freuds theory of the unconscious.Freuds arguments entail that a significant truth (and most importantly he would most likely say) exists in that which is intangible. He claimed that the unconscious could not be realized by the individual themselves through introspection, yet is potentially made possible during analysis. In The Unconscious, Freud states, it transforms into a qualitatively different quota of affect, above all into anxiety or it is suppressed (7), alluding that the unconscious mind, or rather a conflict between conscious and the unconscious intentions is the root of neurotic or histrionic behaviour.Thus, not only did he perceive psychoanalysis as a useful tool for uprooting unconscious ideas, but the very understanding of the concept played a central role to the successful give-and-take of his patients (that is to say, that Freud believed that he could lead his patient to recovery by making aware the unconscious idea that is conflicting with the individuals consciousness).Freud believed that naturalized phenomenons such as innocent mistakes (parapraxes) or the state of dreaming were in fact meaningful and were indications of the active unconscious , an idea which echoes to the notion of conscious and unconscious communications which we discussed in the moment week of class that in both forms there were logical relations. This is the essence of Freuds belief that there is psychical process in every movement or act (whether in a state of wakefulness or asleep/acts that are intended of unintended), which is to say that order exists in every action including the seemingly disconnected.With reference to this notion, he famously claimed that parapraxes (slip of the tongue, mishearing, forgetting, memory loss) were significant phenomenons worthy of interpretation, because they were narrate that the unconscious mind exists. In anterior Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Freud explains his view in which the unconscious plays a significant role in the phenomenon of parapraxes. Though parapraxes are often disregarded as teeny failures of functioning, imperfections in mental activity (28), he explains, They are not chance events but seriou s mental acts they have a sense (44).Before miserable on interpret what Freud meant by this, it seems useful to first introduce an idea which Louis Althusser presents in Lacan and Freud (which was also touched upon in class), in which he states the effects, extended in the surviving adult, of the extraordinary adventure that, from birth to the liquidation of the Oedipus complex, transforms a small animal engendered by a man and a woman into a little human child (22).The transformation that Althusser describes resonates with a sense of humanization whereby a feral being is tamed by society and progresses into a human existence it alludes to the ultimate sacrifice that is made by the primitive soul in order to survive amongst civilization the desire for instinctual satisfaction. Keeping Althussers personation in mind, perhaps it could be said, then, that the unconscious manifests impulses whose intentions are deemed too disturbing or unfitting with civil behaviour.This conforms to Freuds argument that a spontaneous or unexplainable error is an indication of a compromise between two conflicting aims of the disturbed and the disturbing consciousness (44). By means of distortion or substitution, the irrational impulse disguises its intentions under an appearance of rationality. He communicates, essentially, that parapraxes should be interpreted less as faulty acts, but instead, should be considered as faulty achievements of our unconscious desires.He indicates this when he states, the disturbing purpose only distorts the original one without itself achieving complete expression (35). Freud theorizes that an inaccessible part of our mind the unconscious does exist and evidence of its reality is apparent, such as in the very happening of everyday pathologies, or parapraxes. He maintains the significance of the unconscious mind as a meaningful, valid psychical force that pursues its own intentions (its presence undeniable in its ability to elicit bodily responses ).In the discovery of this, Freud stresses the idea that individuals should place more tax in what we so often dismiss as mistakes, accidental or random behaviour, because there may be significant meaning to the obscured intentions they convey. On a different note, the underlying notion that there is no such thing as involuntary acts or ideas, reinforces more than ever a disparate sociological thought that we, as individuals, are truly and solely responsible for our own actions.

Shock Probation in the US Correctional System

Shock Probation in the US Correctional SystemAbstractIn an effort to reduce prison house overcrowding and recidivism rates state legislators devised a new and innovative plan c bothed jolt probation. Fearing that a lengthy sentence given to a first time, non-violent offender may drive him/her to a deportment of crime the class would give an inmate the ability appeal their case to a judge. Once the inmates case is heard and if the appeal is accepted, the sentence could be decreased from socio-economic classs to months. In late 1965 Ohio became the first state to enact this new program, new(prenominal) states such as Alabama, Texas, and Kentucky would soon follow. Believing that the first few months of ones prison sentence is the worst, law makers wanted to use this mentality in order to rehabilitate an individual to societal norms and lower the rates associated with re-offending. Recently surprise probation has been utilize in conjunction with prison heraldic bearing camp pr ograms, where an inmate has a reduced sentence upon completion of a military-style boot camp. The controversy surrounding traumatise probation lies in the manner in which it is handed down. During the programs infancy it was common for settle to refuse 10 cases for every 1 case they accepted now correct the most violent offenders ar being released under this statue.The Role of Shock Probation in the United States Correctional SystemA ReviewThe overcrowding of the United States subdivision of Corrections prison system, in both adult and juvenile facilities is one of the biggest problems facing corrections today. The problem exists on multiple levels including the courts, prisons, and community corrections alike. When questioned judges agree that the numbers are high but are forced to use programs as a means to alleviate overcrowding in jails and prisons in galore(postnominal) cases the state mandates these conditions leaving judges little ability to enforce harsher punishments. Often prosecutors subscribe to used blow probation as a bargaining chip in order to get defendants to plead guilty. Shock probation enjoyed early mastery Ohio saw a 9% recidivism rate compared to the national average of 65 to 80 % (Time , 1973). However, more(prenominal) recently in a 2007 study done by the Courier Journal of Jefferson County, Kentucky found that of 260 shock probationers 120 have arrested or aerated again. Of those charged more than 60% were for felonies such as rape, armed robbery, medicate possession, and murder. This review examines the effectiveness of shock probation and examines the following issues.1. Recidivism rates.2. Economic impact, prison versus probation.3. The impact of shock probation when mated with prison boot camps.Recidivism RatesOne of the problems facing shock probation today is the way it is handed down. In incident nearly two thirds of felony offenders who received shock probation last year have been rearrested or returnedto prison fo r violating the conditions of their release (Mark Motivans, 2010). These statistics would indicate the program doesnt work or it is being handed down to the wrong people. In most cases a subjects pitiful history is reviewed by a judge before determining whether they would be deemed a good candidate under the shock probation program, preferring they dont have a long prison term to serve. John Faine, a Western Kentucky University professor who studied shock probation in the 1970s said the statistics concerning recidivism are horrifying and out of control, especially given the amount of offenders committing felonies (Riley, 2007). In a similar study done by the U.S Department of Corrections found that when shock probation is handed down to non-violent offenders under the correct conditions there is just a 9% re-offender rate this is in support of the 1973 Time Magazine study. However, in a case involving a probationer of the Kentucky penal system was released in 1998 under the conditi ons of shock probation only to have it revoked five days later. He would serve other two years (all on drug charges) before returning to prison again in 2001 and in 2003 and yet once more last year only to have shock probation handed down a second time in his release(www.e-archives.ky.gov). It is clearly evident that if programs like this are going to have any success treatment programs and drug counseling are needed in follow up to the release of these cases.Sentence types for offenders sentenced in criminal cases terminated, by offense,October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008Total offendersMost serious offense of conviction sentenced Incarceration ProbationAll offenses 82,823 77.9 % 11.7 % 3.4 %Felonies 75,832 83.9 % 8.9 % 0.4 %Shock Probation 5Violent offenses 2,442 93.4 % 4.5 % 0.1 %Drug offenses 26,323 91.7 % 3.9 % 0.3 %Trafficking 26,198 91.8 % 3.8 % 0.3%Other drug offenses 125,492 62.4 % 28.0 % 4.0 %Note. The statistics on criminal cases show the overwhelming number of incarcerat ed drug offences as opposed to other crimes. The statistics are from Mark Motivans, Ph.D. (2010). Federal Justice Statistics, 2008- Statistical Tables. Office of Justice Programs. bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http//bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailiid=1745 .Economic impact, Prison versus probationOnly Medicaid has a greater budget spending plan then the United States Correctional System which outspends both conveyance and education. Even with a decreasing crime rate the number of people incarcerated, on probation, or war cryd has risen over the past decade commanding a budget of more than 47 billion to accommodate the numbers (Solomon Moore, 2009). Each State spends on average of $29,000 on prison inmates as opposed to $1,473 on probationers and $3150 on those on parole (Mark Motivans, 2010).The average daily cost to the tax payers is about $3.00 a day to monitor a parolee however, state legislators until now push for more prisons despite the significant di fference in cost in their view the only way to address the public demand in combating crime is to build more prisons. Recidivism rates remain high despite the budget of the correctional system. The decision to sentence an offender to long term imprisonment has to be thought carefully, too often it is the drug crimes that clog jail and prison cells.The amount of case loads that are being handled by parole officers can sometimes exceed 70 (Cook, 2008 ) at one time, and despite recent cutbacks, state and localities are not allocating the proper funds or staffing needed to provide adequate supervision. Offenders who do not receive proper supervision are more likely to commit new crimes with new victims or pass on be found in violation of the conditions of supervision, in turn will fill court dockets and ultimately prisons (Cook, 2008 ). With community corrections lacking sufficient increases in funding, keeping pace with the demands for services such as drug treatment and employment w ill be extremely difficult.The impact of shock probation when paired with prison boot camps.The first boot camps got their start in the states of Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983 (Harold A. Valentine, 1993). A great deal of attention was paid to these states programs and many other states and prison systems followed suit. The federal Bureau of prisons also invested in a separate boot camp designed especially for women, and by the year 1999 fifty boot camps operated in thirty states with nearly 4500 juveniles however, by the end of 2000 many states had ended or radically cut back the size of their programs (Parent, 1997). During the height of boot camps success strict requirements were placed on the selection process and the eligibility of those selected and was carefully evaluated prior to being sent there. Positions in the program were often offered to offenders convicted of non-violent crimes such as drug offences or burglary and to those with non extensive criminal past. Using the sh ock probation format a camp generally lasted between 90 and 180 days (Parent, 1997), those dropped or expelled from the program were either sent back to court for resentencing or finished the prison sentence. Upon successful completion of the program inmates are treated to a graduation notice in which military drills and topic are displayed, and in most cases the families are encouraged to attend.Shock probation in the form of boot camp may all share a common name, corps values, and the basics of military discipline however, the programs can differ dramatically. Some camps focus on hard labor and discipline while others place values on rehabilitation and treatment still others place the center of priority on education. Different still are the slipway offenders receive probation after the completion of the program, some provide drug treatment, vocational counseling, others provide short term housing (Parent, 1997). Whether the offender experiences an extensive probation or a tradit ional case, critics of boot camps worry about the offenders ability to transition from a highly structured environment to normal life in the community.When beginning this regard I was not a supporter of either shock probation or correctional boot camps however, in reading the testimonies of people that study and work in them I couldnt help but feel some sense of what was trying to be accomplished. Reading the stories of those who dedicate their lives in an effort to give a jejuneness a better chance or an adult to correct the wrong in their life put these programs in a different light. The aspect of these programs that is so disappointing revolve around the recidivism rates, and the disappointing figures by the U.S Department of Justice 60 to 80% when compared to regular prison terms that are almost the alike(p) at 63 to 71%. Shock probation and correctional boot camps will remain a controversial issue in the prison system however, the fact remains, overcrowding and improper reha bilitation continue to plague the system.

Nanostructure Optical Biosensors

Nanostructure Optical Biodetectors5.1 MachZehnder nanowire biosensor for detection of E.coliSilica nanowires 208 offer several advantages over other types of nanowires since they atomic number 18 establish on materials employ in the most important photonic and opto-electronic applications within the visible and the near-infr ared ranges and as a result their optic properties are familiar 209.Light manoeuvre along the optical nanowire leaves a large fraction of the guided written report distant the wire as impermanent waves 210, 211 making it highly sensitive to the indication permute of the contact medium. Phase shift of the guided way of life caused by great magnate change of the surrounding medium is used as a standard for esthesia estimation. Our simulation shows that optical nanowire waveguides are very promising for developing high-sensitivity optical sensors of signifi shadowertly trim down sizes.In the aforementioned work, changes in the optical case profile, the power confinement, and the times constant of the guided optical climate along the percept branch have been studied. In the present work, the aforementioned structure has been study using the more rigorous and versatile FEM approach and the variation of the efficient king the optical power distribution of the guided optical way of life in both the type and the signal detection arm of the sensor have been studied, by optimizing the sensitivity of important silica nanowire parameters, such as the fibre mall diameter, the exemplification deflective index, the wavelength, and the temperature.5.2 MachZehnder based sensor structureThe proposed MachZehnder-based biosensor system is formed by using ii uniform silica nanowires one used as a write arm and the other as a perceptual experience arm is presented in determine 5.1(a). Both arms are immersed in aqueous theme and the surface of the sensing arm is silanized and biomodified with specific receptors for higher s elective detection. A forge around the wire is formed by the complex of chemical linker, antibody and E.Coli respectively as shown in the cross section of the composite waveguide in Figure 5.1(b).The chemical linker is MUDA mercapto undecanoic acid, its RI is 1.463 and thickness is 1.69nm and is used as linker for antibody (RI is 1.41 and thickness is 2.98nm) and the target antigen is E.coli with mean(a) RI of 1.37 and average thickness of 0.4 0.7 microns 212.(a)(b)Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of (a) the proposed sensor and (b) the cross section view of the composite waveguide, with a specimen layer.A probe descend that is launched through the nanowire propagates through the first 3 dB coupler, operating as an optical splitter, which divides it between the sensing and the reference arms, and it finally recombines via the second 3 dB coupler, working as an optical combiner, as shown in Figure 5.1(a). The configuration shift caused by the index change due to the specimen placed in the sensing arm is numerically calculated and evaluated from the simulated signal output of the lower nanowire, as presented in Figure 5.1(a).5.2.1 Modal SolutionInitially, the optical properties of the reference and the sensing arm of the single modality silica nanowires immersed in aqueous solution have been examined, where the latter is coated with the linker, antibody and E.coli under detection and the 3-D optical field profile of the mode of the two arms, for a core diameter, D, of 400 nm is presented in Figure 5.2.Figure 5.2 (a) 3-D field profile of the Hx mode for the reference and the sensing arm for D = 400 nmThe refractive index of the single-mode silica nanowire and the aqueous solution were considered to be 1.482 and 1.355, respectively, at an operating wavelength of 325 nm 213.As can be seen from the field profiles of the optical mode for a core diameter, D, of 400 nm, in the reference arm shown in Figure 5.2 (a), the optical field is more confined in the silica cor e and the aqueous solution does not have much effect on the field profile. However, for a core diameter, D, of 400 nm, in the sensing arm shown in Figure 5.2 (b) a small change in the refractive index profile produces a larger change in the field profile. As can be concluded evanescent field in the sensing arm expands more outside due to change of refractive index in the aqueous solution.The optical field confinement in the reference and the sensing arms can be better viewed from the expressionized field profile along the horizontal (x)-axis, as presented in Figure 5.3 for nanowire core diameter, D, of 150 nm. As can be seen from the earlier curves in Figure 5.3, the normalized optical fields for the reference and the sensing arms have small variation in the optical field profile.Figure 5.3 Hx along the x axis for a fibre diameter of D = 150 nm.5.2.2 Effective Index mutantNext, the variation of the effective reactive index of Hx11 in the reference and the sensing arms with the sil ica nanowire diameter, D, has been examined, and the results are presented in Figure 5.4. Here, the effective index of the reference arm and the effective index dissimilarity between the two arms is plotted against core diameter, over a range of 100 nm to 800 nm. As can be seen from the aforementioned characteristics, as diameter, D, decreases, the effective index too reduces, and the rate of reduction slowly increases. The effective index contravention between the reference and the sensing arm is presented in Figure 5.4. It is shown in the Figure 5.1, the effective index difference between the reference and the sensing arm decreases with the increase of the core diameter. However, for a core diameter, D, of 100 nm, peak value in neff is holded and as the core diameter increases the effective index difference decreases.Figure 5.4 Effective index (ne) and effective index difference (neff) between the reference and sensing arms as a function of the fibre diameter (D).The effectiv e index of the sensing arm is higher than the reference arm. It is due to increase of refractive index in the sensing arm with the addition of linker, antibody and E.coli. It can be noted that as the nanowire diameter is increased, the effective index asymptotically approaches that of the Silica refractive index, when most of optical power is confined in the Silica core. The effective index is dependent on the refractive index of surrounding medium. Therefore, single mode nanowires are suitable for sensing elements and sensitive to the index change of the surrounding medium.Figure 5.5 Change in effective index (ne) and effective index difference (neff) as a function of the wavelength ()Next, the effective index for the reference arm and the effective index difference between the reference and the sensing arms are presented, with the variation of the wavelength, in Figure 5.5. As can be seen from the Figure 5.5, the effective index of reference arm decreases with the increase of the wavelength and the effective index difference increases linearly with the increase of the wavelength for core diameter of 400 nm. When the wavelength increases, the mode is weakly confined and penetrates more into the sensing region of the sensing arm hence increases the effective index. However, when the wavelength decreases, the mode is well confined and decays more into the core region hence decreases the effective index of sensing arm.5.2.3 Power confinementFurther, the power fraction in the aqueous solution for the reference and the sensing arm has also been studied with the variation of the nanowire core diameter and the result is presented in Figure 5.6. As can be seen from the aforementioned characteristics, for a core diameter, D, of 100nm the field extends mostly in the aqueous solution for both the reference and the sensing arms. However sensing arm exhibits more power in the aqueous solution than the power in the aqueous solution of reference arm. It is due to refractive index change in the aqueous solution of sensing arm when target antigen (E.Coli) is attached to immobilised antibody. As the value of D is increased further, the power in the aqueous solution is reduced since the field is more confined in the core region.Figure 5.6 Power fraction in aqueous solution for the sensing and the reference arms as a function of the fibre diameter (D).The change of the power fraction in the different regions of the sensing arm has been studied and is presented in Figure 5.7. As can be seen from the characteristics, shown in Figure 5.7, when the wavelength increases, the mode is weakly confined, and hence, less power is seen in the core region and more power is present in the cladding aqueous region. The mode is well confined for small wavelength values and more power is present in the core silica region. However, as the wavelength increases, the mode becomes weakly confined and more power is present in the aqueous solution region compared to the silica co re region.Figure 5.7 Power fraction for the sensing arm as a function of wavelength for a fibre diameter of D = 400 nm5.2.4 Effect of thicknessNext, the change in the annex constant of sensing arm and the power fraction in the aqueous solution of sensing arm as a function of the E.Coli thickness, for a core diameter of D = 400 nm, have been investigated and are presented in Figure 5.8. As the E.Coli thickness increases, both the propagation constant and the power fraction in the sensing arm decrease linearly.Figure 5.8 Change in propagation constant () and power fraction in the E.coli with the variation of the E.coli thickness.As the thickness of E.coli increases the power fraction in the sensing arm and propagation constant of the sensing arm mode decreases with the increase in thickness of E.coli. This is due to the penetration of evanescent field into the sensing region decreases with increase of E.coli thickness. With the increase of sensing layer thickness evanescent field wi ll not penetrate deep into the sensing region. However smaller nanowires with diameter of 100 nm and 200 nm may be used to penetrate more evanescent field into the sensing region.5.2.5 SensitivityThe effective index change is produced either by a change of cover medium refractive index (homogeneous sensing) or by a change of thickness of E.coli which is immobilized on nanowire (surface sensing). Adlayer thickness and change of cover medium refractive index affects the effective index of the propagating optical mode. Measurement of sensitivity depends on optical field distribution in the sensing medium therefore the most important design task is to maximize the sensitivity of the biosensor.Figure 5.9 shows the change in effective index and waveguide sensitivity decreases with the increase in diameter, D, of silica nanowire. The larger effective index variation and waveguide sensitivity is achieved at a D = 100 nm. The greater the change in neff more sensitive the biosensor will be. T herefore, when D = 100nm maximum index difference is achieved. When the nanowire dimension becomes similarly large, most of the power is confined in the silica core and a smaller effective index difference is achieved hence lesser sensitivity.Figure 5.9 Variation of effective index difference, neff and waveguide sensitivity with Diameter, D (nm), of silica nanowire.When designing a sensor, the sensitivity is a very important parameter to evaluate the subterfuge performance. To study the sensitivity of our device, we use the sensor to detect the change in the effective index of mode with the change in the refractive index of surrounding medium. When there is an extremely small index change around the nanowire, the guided swallow is changed in its optical phase. We assumed the sensing subject field length, L = 75m. Calculated neff is about 0.0131/m at the wavelength of 325 nm induced by coating the nanowire with E.coli layer for a 400nm diameter silica nanowire.Figure 5.10a Sensit ivity of the sensor as a function of the wavelengthThe phase shift () of the sensing arm can be obtained as (5.1)Where L is the effective length of sensitive area and neff is the effective index difference between the sensing arm and the reference arm, respectively. It is shown in the Figure 5.10a that the sensitivity of the device decreases with the increase in the wavelength and higher sensitivity of 697nm/RIU is achieved at wavelength of 325 nm. For comparison, the sensitivity of conventional MachZehnder sensors based on integrated planar waveguides is much lower 209, showing that much higher sensitivity, or equivalently much smaller size can be achieved when sensing with silica nanowires.Figure 5.10b shows the variation of output power as a function of wavelength. MZI has two arms, one is used as sensing arm and another used as reference arm. The sensing arm is where the interaction between the biolayer and the optical signal takes places. After the propagation in these two arms , the two optical signals accumulate a phase shift . The optical power (Pout) at the exit of the interferometer is determined by the phase difference between the two waves at the junction which can be obtained asPout = 1+Cos (5.2)Figure 5.10b Combined power as a function of wavelength, (nm)In all variation of the wavelength, 0, this is caused by the deposition of a biolayer around the sensing arm, therefore, the optical output power is different overly in all variation of the wavelength.5.3 Slot-waveguide biosensor for detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation.Slot waveguides present an interesting alternative when compared to rib or strip waveguide based biosensors where light is predominantly guided in the high index material. The light thus has little interaction with the biomaterial. This is a drawback for biosensing applications where small refractive index variations caused by biomolecular interactions are monitored. In case of time slot waveguide, light is confi ned in a low index slot region sandwiched between two high index rails. Due to the discontinuity of the electric field at the interface between the rails and slot, a significant fraction of the electromagnetic field is localized in the slot.The sensitivity of an optical waveguide sensor relies on the amount of light in the medium to be sensed. Due to the increased amount of power confined in the slot region higher sensitivities will be achieved as compared to other waveguide based biosensors.Author of 128 has compared conventional slot waveguide, slot rib waveguides and Si wire for sensing of aqueous solution. However the work presented here is based on the slot waveguide micro ring resonation for the detection of DNA intersection binding of complementary DNA strands (targets) to DNA probes. Moreover we have calculated wavelength shift, device sensitivity, detection Limit, and power density and compared with the experimental work published in 214, 215, 216 and 217.In the present w ork, the H-field Finite Element Method (FEM) based full-vector formulation is used for the solution of the TE and TM Slot Waveguide modes where the TE mode is highly confined in the slot region as compared to TM mode. In the FEM, a line of work domain can suitably be dissever into a patchwork of a finite number of subregions called elements. Each of the elements can have different shapes and sizes and by using many elements a complex problem can be accurately represented. In using the aforementioned approach, the field distribution in the transverse plane is obtained by the application of the variational formulation in the region. More recently, slot waveguide based biosensors have been investigated using Finite difference time domain method (FDTD) and Finite Element Method 218,219,220.In the present work by optimising the slot waveguide parameters such as the slot width, guide width and guide height a compact biosensor is proposed. The groom of this work is to provide a novel co mprehensive analysis defining the modal characteristics, effective index variation of ssDNA and dsDNA, surface sensitivity and power confinement in the DNA layer of a slot waveguide biosensor with a nanoscale cross-section, and in doing so, the effects of the critical size of such waveguide are also presented. To undertake such analysis, an accurate and numerically efficient vector-H-field finite-element method (VFEM) 221 is used to calculate the propagation constant, effective index, power confinement factor and the full-vectorial modal field profiles of the waveguide. The full-vectorial electric field (E) is also derived from the vector H-field obtained to characterize modal properties of such waveguides.5.3.1 Slot waveguide structureFigure 5.11 Slot Waveguide BiosensorA slot waveguide is investigated for the biosensing applications. The slot waveguide is formed by two Si wires close to each other having nanometer dimensions as shown in Figure 5.11. refractile index (RI) of silico n, silicon oxide and water is taken as 3.476, 1.444 and 1.31 respectively at an operating wavelength of 1550nm. The sensing structure is first coated with a linker layer (silanes) whose refractive index is taken as 1.42 222 having a thickness of t=1 nm. The refractive index of ssDNA and dsDNA is taken as 1.456 and 1.53 223 respectively. The thickness of the DNA probe layer is taken as n=8 nm and remains unchanged when binding of complementary DNA strands (targets) to DNA probes happens i.e., only refrective index changes from 1.456 (ssDNA) to 1.53 (dsDNA).A waveguide height, GH = 320 nm and high index region width, GW = 180 nm 128, slot width, SW = 100 nm, linker layer thickness of t=1 nm and DNA probe thickness of n=8 nm is considered for the initial simulation study.5.3.2 Modal solutionsIn the study of modal field profile, the H-field based VFEM is used to obtain the modal solutions of such a waveguide. For this study, due to the availability of two-fold symmetry of the waveguide structure, only a half of the structure is considered, in which more than 80,000 irregular size first order triangular elements have been employed to represent the waveguide structure. It takes about 2 minutes cpu time on a dual-core Pentium central processor computer running solaris platform.Figure 5.12 Hy field of the Hy11 mode Figure 5.13 Hy Contour of Hy11 modeThe structure supports both fundamental quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes. For the quasi-TE mode the Hy field component is dominant, and Hx and Hz are the nondominant components. The dominant Hy field component of the Hy11 mode is shown in Figure 5.12 for the waveguide width, GW = 180 nm and height, GH = 320 nmIn its contour plot as shown in Figure 5.13 it is clearly visible that the modal confinement is much stronger in the slot region. Due to the large index contrast at interfaces, the normal electric field undergoes a large discontinuity, which results in a field enhancement in the slot region.

Issues of social balance and mixed communities

Issues of affectionate balance and multiform communitiesInterest in loving balance and immix communities has arisen as a response to both increased management issues in tender lodgment and to concepts of the underclass and favorable exclusion. The identification of significant and persistent inequalities surrounded by areas at the ward and neighbourhood level in recent research (e.g. Meen et al., 2005) has triggered a shift in housing strategy and insurance policy. Social balance is now fasten within English housing and planning policy where it go forths a correction to the housing market places natural tendency to segregate (Goodchild and Cole, 2001). Although this state interventionist flak has come under-fire from academics such as Cheshire (2007), who argue that spatial policy cannot correct deep-rooted social and frugal forces and that the focalize of policy should be to reduce income inequality in bon ton not just treat the consequences of it, social miscellany has gained popular promote in urban policy.This books review let onlines the entangled community approach to urban gentrification in urban policy by discussing its latest iteration, the MCI. The MCIs place in UK policy deal is then analysed as a way of exploring its conceptual and conjectural ideologies for area regeneration. Fin bothy, an in depth review of the literature is conducted which reengages withMixed Communities as an approach to area regenerationSince 2005, the mixed communities approach to gentrification and the re smartal of disadvantaged neighbourhoods has proceed firmly embedded in the UKs housing and planning policy. The approach was first announced in January 2005 in the Mixed Communities Initiative (MCI) which formed part of new Labours five year plan for the deliin truth of sustainable communities. The MCI has four core components (Lupton et al., 2009)A commitment to the transition of areas with hard poverty, to provide a better housing environment, hi gher employment, better education, less crime and higher educational achievements.To achieve these through changes in the housing stock and attraction of new populations, whilst improving opportunities for vivacious populations.Finance development by recognising the value of universely owned land and other public assets.Integrate government policies to produce a holistic approach which is sustainable through mainstream funding.Initially the MCI was delivered through twelve demonstration projects situated in the most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK. However, more recently the concepts behind the mixed community approach have grown beyond these projects and are now advocatord by planning authorities in a diverse range of areas. Consequently, mixed community developments are emerging without demonstration project status and as such mixed communities have become an approach to area regeneration in addition to being a government policy initiative (Silverman et al., 2006).In response to this policy development the purpose of this literature review is two-fold. Firstly, through digest of the theories of poverty, place and gentrification in policy discourse it is possible to gain an understanding of the rationale behind the mixed communities conception of the causes place poverty. Review SecondlyTheories of exiguity and Place in Urban PolicyAny form of urban regeneration reflects a specific theoretical understanding of the causes of place poverty. Throughout the twentieth Century UK urban policy has undergone a transformation in its understanding of the causes of place poverty and consequently the approach to urban regeneration has altered.A all-encompassing distinction can be made in the UKs approaches to regeneration between early regeneration by the Keynesian welfare state and that advocated by traditionalist governments. The former looked to correct the crisis of the neighbourhood through neighbourhood improvement. This approach understands the problems of declining areas as a product of the economic structures which cause spatial and social inequality (Katz, 2004). In response they looked to improve living conditions and try to equalise life chances through redistributive social welfare programmes.In contrast to neighbourhood improvement is the neighbourhood transformation approach, a discernibly neoliberal approach advocated by conservative governments. Here the problems of disadvantaged neighbourhoods are understood as the product of market failures rather than underlying economic structures. The creation of mass social housing estates and overly generous benefit regimes are some of the market failures which reportedly trap the disadvantaged in social cultures of dependency (Goetz, 2003). In the neighbourhood improvement approach these areas are seen as a barrier to market forces occupying inner city areas with good commercial and residential property investment potential. According to Lupton and Fuller (20091016) the neighbourhoo d improvement approach understands the solution to benot simply the amelioration of conditions in these neighbourhoods for the benefit of their veritable residents, but the restoration of market functionality through the physical change and transformation of the position of the neighbourhood in the urban hierarchyPerhaps the best exemplification of this is the role of Urban Development Corporations which brought about the transformation of the London Docklands in the 1980s. Their presence instigated a fundamental change in the role of the state in urban development, from a regulator of the market to an agent within the market. The state was now responsible for fostering the economic conditions under which the economic productivity of areas and communities could be improved.In 1997 New Labours urban regeneration policy was hailed as a divorce from this transformational approach and a return to the improvement approach. The government pioneered an array of new, put forward public s ervices under the National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal. Included was the Neighbourhood Renewal Unit and the New Deal for Communities (NDC) which facilitated interaction between local agents on neighbourhood improvement. Whilst this strategy had the appearance of a strong local focus which prioritised residents, other elements of New Labours policies were characteristically neoliberal. As Fuller and Geddes (2008) remark, Labours urban interventions focus on an equality of opportunity agenda which aspires to greater social cohesion and inclusion by devolving responsibility to local citizens. However, by not matching these responsibilities with enchant state powers within the NRU and NDC there has been little support for local citizens except to merely compensate the individuals and places put at risk by market forces. As such New Labours initiatives have failed to deliver major redistributional interventions which relinquish local state agents from neoliberal targets, cultur es and forms of control (Jessop, 1990).Neoliberal theories of poverty and place within the MCI indoors this policy discourse the MCI equals as a more characteristically neoliberal initiative. It is clear in its understanding of the problem, concentrated poverty, and the solution, de-concentration through gentrification and neighbourhood transformation. By doing this the MCI subscribes to a policy discourse which understands concentrated poverty as a spatial metaphor (Crump, 2002). This metaphor inherently undermines complex economic, social and political processes and uses the individual failings of the ugly within concentrated spaces to justify their dilution or removal.The concentrated poverty thesis originated from the US (e.g. The Hope VI Urban Revitalisation Programme) where it provides legitimacy to policies which alter cities spatial structures through market forces. Such influences have encouraged British policy makers to adopt a more radical approach to urban regeneration and advocate extensive demolition and gentrification to restore functioning housing markets, imposing a neoliberal agenda on struggling housing environments (Imbroscio, 2008).The MCIs focus on market restoration is clearly articulatedthe aim is that success measures should be choice. Reputation, choice of staying and that people want to move in its about market choice (Senior CLG ordained in Lupton et al., 200936)The government realises that while public service improvements will help create this market, it is not enough alone physical change is required to enhance peoples attraction to the neighbourhood and its market. The states role is therefore not just to invest directly but improve and diversify the housing stock whilst decreasing public housing ratios with the explicit goal of stimulating market processes. However, a further consequence of this is the re-population ofThe mixed communities approach requires the state to fund the improvement of services, in many an(prenomi nal) cases to attract better-off residents, and sell or gift land to the private sector. The removal of social housing through its gift to the private sector inherently creates a spatial fix for poverty and incentivises the development of mixed-income housing developments. In such a situation there is potential for the private sector to change social housing in co-ordinance with market dynamics and consequently complex and marginal developments will be neglected (Adair et al., 2003).CONCLUDE and develop a little notice gentrifictionImpact of Mixed CommunitiesAs long as 30 years ago, Holcomb and Beauregard (1981) were critical of the way it was imitation that benefits of urban revitalisation through social mixing would trickle down to the poor. Despite the consequential academic debate, which disputed whether gentrification leads to social exclusion, segregation and displacement, it has become increasingly popular in urban policy where it is assumed that its application leads to a more socially mixed, integrated, and sustainable urban environment. The following review will explore the literature which questions whether moving middle-income populations into low-income neighbourhoods or vice versa has a positive impact on residents urban experience. subsume to mixed communitiesSchoon (2001) identifies three rationales behind social mixing in policy debates. Firstly, there is an assumption that the upper-middle-class are more likely to attract public resources and as such the lower-income household will fare better in socially mixed communities. Secondly, mixed income developments are in a better position to support a local economy than areas of concentrated poverty. Finally and most controversially, the networks and contacts argument advocated by Putnam (1995) poses that socially mixed neighbourhoods create an environment which improves the bridging and bonding of social capital between social classes. Consequently, lower-income residents have more opportuni ties to network and break out of poverty than they would in areas of concentrated deprivation. The Social Exclusion Unit (199853) expands on thissocially mixed neighbourhoods often brings people into contact with those outside their normal circle, broadening horizons and raising expectations, and can link people into informal networks through which work is more easily shew.These three arguments are the cornerstone of a global policy discourse which has received very little critique in the UK. One of the reasons for this is the way it is framed. The social mixing agenda which has been prominent in western efforts to decentralise poverty is a discourse which actively avoids the word gentrification. Instead it uses terms like urban revitalisation, urban regeneration, and urban sustainability to redefine itself as a moral discourse which helps the poor (Slater, 2005 2006). By doing this the discourse deflects from the class restructuring processes which define its implementation.Previo us StudiesAs of yet there is little consensus around the ability of gentrification to achieve the goals asked of it, neither is it clear what type of social mix is most desirable or the outcomes of different mixes (Walks and Maaranen, 2008). For instance, Tunstall and Fenton (2006) who claim to amass the best UK research on social mix conclude that although knowledge gaps exist the founding arguments for mixed communities remains valid. Yet, in contrast, Doherty et al. (2006) undertook quantitative analysis of the UK census and Scottish Longitudinal Study and concluded that there is little evidence to support the mixing of housing tenures in developments with the premise of improving social well-being. Purpose sentenceRandolph and Wood (2003) note that much of the research conducted so far has concentrated on social mixing in public housing estates (Atkinson and Kintrea, 2000 Cole and Shayer, 1998) and there has been little exploration of the social mixing occurring in new attain d evelopments.Does Gentrification bring about social mixing?Contrary to the assumptions which link gentrification to improved social mixing, most research suggests that gentrification is likely to reduce social mixing at the neighbourhood level. Interviews conducted by Butler (1997), and Butler and Robson (2001 2003) suggest that local middle-income gentrifiers engaged in little social interaction with lower-income residents. Their research found that gentrifiers generally desire out people with similar cultural and political interests which often lead to little interaction between middle and low-income residents. Accordingly, they found that interaction was greatest in areas where gentrification had homogenised an area and pushed out other groups. In areas where this had not occurred, Butler and Robson (2001) reported that, the difference between tenants resulted in tectonic juxtapositions which polarised social groups rather than desegregation them. In their later research, Butler and Robson (2003) not only reinforced their earlier findings but found that children formed a signalise facilitator in resident integrationthere was no evidence that the children played outside these middle class networks, our fieldwork strongly suggests that the middle class preschool clubs were highly exclusionary of non-middle class children (Butler and Robson, 2003128)Although Butler and Robsons research right questions the role of gentrification in a policy discourse which looks to foster a sustainable urban environment it does so primarily through the experiences of the gentrifier. Davidsons (under review) research of new seduce, middle income development on the River Thames, London engaged with both gentrifier and non-gentrifier to reinforce scepticism over the ability of housing type to influence class relations. Davidson found no evidence to suggest that any of the developments desired outcomes had been achieved through the introduction of a middle class population. Bot h the temporary nature of new build residents and the spatially segregated nature of the development itself meant the development fostered little integration between low and middle income residents who do not work in the analogous place, use the same transport or frequent same restaurants or pubs.In a similar study Freeman (2006) researched two black gentrifying neighbourhoods in New York City. Like Davidson, Freeman found that social networks rarely crossed and that gentrifiers and longer term residents generally moved in different spaces. Additionally, Freeman undergo that residents were hesitant to pass comment on social mixing, they rarely expressed their opinions in overly positive or negative tones.In accordance with this literature it seems unrealistic to assume that different social groups will integrate when living together. As some of the authors have highlighted, increased neighbourhood diversity does not tally with increased social interaction and can in some cases pr omote social conflict as much as it does social harmony.Mention how its all based on a class representation of societyThe mixed communities policy agenda has been used to help improve inequality in social housing (estates managed by local authorities, housing associations, and other non-profit housing agencies) and more controversially to regenerate social housing. This concentration on social housing comes out of aSince its conception social housing in the UK has experienced slow residualisation a tendency to house only certain types of household the poor, unemployed, those in debt, with a history of mental illness and experiencing a relationship breakdown (Cole and Furbey, 1994). For much of social housings history this process has been ignored and consequently has been accompanied by a sorting process forcing the most vulnerable households into the most unattractive housing (Willmott and Murie, 1988). MIXED COMMUNITIESDEFINE EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE what is encapsulated within this? Social interactionPrevious StudiesThere are three studies which are relevant to this research. They examine the impact of mixed community housing on social interactionAtkinson and Kintrea (2000) conducted an explorative study which analysed diaries made by 38 households. The research suggested that patterns of social life vary by tenure and as such little interaction occurred between residents of owner occupied housing and social housing tenants. The neighbourhood was seen as a focus of interaction for social housing residents only.Cole and Shavers (1998b) survey of 52 residents in a new build, mixed-tenure redevelopment in Sheffield again found only weakly developed social networks.Jupps (199910-11) analysis of interviews with over 1,000 residents living in ten-mixed-tenure estates in England, concluded that the street is a more significant social unit than the estate. The case studies analysed often had social and private housing located on different streets and consequently there was little mixing reported between the two groups. Jupp reported that fostering social interaction would extremely difficult because of the overcome belief between residents they do not think that they share many common interests with their neighbours.Individually these studies offer little scope, but taken together they provide a consistent view that mixed tenure developments foster little social interaction between residents of different social backgrounds. However, it must be established that these studies only examine the grass-roots neighbourhood, that is to say that they often ignore the way external perceptions have defining role in the developments success. Atkinson and Kintrea (2000) identify it as a key area for future research when they report that residents welcomed the influx of higher income residents because they improve the reputation and appearance of the area.There is one fundamental understanding that underpins urban policy in the UK as stated in the foreword o f the Urban White Paper How we live our lives is shaped by where we live our lives

Bram Stokers Dracula :: Bram Stoker Dracula Essays

Bram Stokers Dracula In make 2 panorama 6 and act 3 motion picture 6 of the play Dracula, theplaywrite creates impressive tension by using spine-chilling, ghostlysettings, and slyly showing us situations in which characters such asvampires, prey on vulnerable characters such as Mina. Also, he usessoliloquies to give the opposing character no power. Also, by usingsoliloquies in these scenes he gives the point of view from the weakcharacters eyes.Firstly, the playwrite creates impressive tension by using shadowy,ghostly settings. This is shown in the line she took me through theabbey and into the churchyard, from act 2 scene 6. Act 2 scene 6 isset in the burial ground. Lucy is at home in the graveyard when she saysI like it here, dont you ? Among the dead. Its so peaceful. Thiscreates a creepy atmosphere as at night time humans avoid visitinggraveyards. Also, in this scene the kidskin is shown to be scare bysaying, Its dark and I ought to go home now. The setting could bebetter by adding tomb-stones and mysterious dark shapes in thebackground. Act 3 scene 6 is set in Jonathans bedroom at night. Mina says in theplay flowers of garlic were hung from the window frames, whichsuggests she was scared of Dracula. She also has a crucifix on thetable. Mina says the night air touched my face, setting a ghostlyscene. The setting could be improved by having Dracula bursting his way inthrough a locked door. This would cause shock and increase thefeeling of tension.Secondly, the playwrite creates tension by showing us situations inwhich characters prey on other characters. In act 2 scene 6 Lucy ispreying on a child. She talks sympathetically in the line Do youwant to go for a walk? The child has not really been given any choiceby Lucy, but to accompany her. She then takes him to the graveyardand sits him on a bench and lulls him to sleep. When the child isasleep, Lucy bends over him and intends to do some harm. LuckilySeward and Van Helsing are there to stop her. You co uld improve thisscene by making the child more reluctant to go with Lucy, thuscreating more tension. In act 3 scene 6 Dracula preys on Mina, who isvulnerable and he thinks she will go with him easily. He usespersuasion at first in the quotes No need to fear me, it is ourdestiny to walk unitedly and I bring you life. It does not work

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essay

Dr. Martin Luther world power Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham JailIn indexs essay, Letter From Birmingham Jail, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that be pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. Kings eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual case of his sense of hearing, serves to make Letter From Birmingham Jail one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20th century. In Birmingham, Ala., in the spring of 1963, Kings campaign to end separatism at lunch counters and segregated hiring practices drew nationwide attention when police turned attacks dogs and fire hoses on peaceful demonstrators. King was jailed along with a large number of his supporters, including hundreds of schoolchildren. When white clergy, strongly opposed to Kings position on nonviolent passive resistance, issued a statement urging the blacks not to support the demonstrat ions, King penned a letter of remarkable eloquence which spelled out his philosophy of nonviolence disobedience. In Letter From Birmingham Jail, King expresses his extreme disappointment over the review of his leadership by Alabama clergymen, his understanding of why oppressed people must resist their oppression, and his deep faith in the fundamental decency of all Americans.In Letter From Birmingham Jail King demonstrates exceptional literary prowess through his mastery of several rhetorical strategies to persuade. Kings strategy to influence his audience in Letter From Birmingham Jail is that of a three-pronged approach. In an attempt to sway his fellow clergymen King argues his position with passion and conviction as he respectfully appeals to the logical, emotional and spiritual psyche of his critics. Kings first attempt to reach his reader is through his appeal to their logic or reasoning. He does this by presenting a strike relationship between the reasoning for his position against segregation and argument for its resulting actions of civil disobedience by those oppressed by it. This approach is most discernible when King gives the reasoning for his statement, I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negros great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizens Councilor or the Klu Klux Klanner, but the white moderate... ...l, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid (160). Petitioning to the readers moral conscience King beliefs that righteous minded individuals are more apt to intervene against oppression if asked to question their own ethics. Through his references to history, his elegant prose, and his thoughtful analysis of the condition of Blacks, his essay reveals a writer of singular skill and intellect. His rhetorical approach in detailing the disparity of the oppressed, courageous, non-violent people of his era proves that Letter from Birmingham Jail is without question, one of most i mportant documents of the civil rights movement. Kings ability to communicate the plight of the disenfranchised of American society helped galvanize a generation and change the social fabric of an entire nation. whole shebang CitedKing Jr., Martin L. Letter From Birmingham Jail. A World of Ideas. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus.Boston/ saucy York Bedford/St. Martins, 1998. 153-69 Zepp, Ira G., Jr. The Social Vision of Martin Luther King Jr. New York Carlson Publishing Inc., 1989. 123-47Walton, Hanes Jr. The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. New York Greenwood Press, 1971

Accessorize Your Casual Look Essay -- tone, comfortable, rules, shape

For many women casual fashion is a case of not knowing where to start. The proper sorts of foundation items to create your cause signature cypher can be difficult to pick out. Luckily, getting started is not too difficult, no matter your level of fashion knowledge. The first, best and besides hard rule of causal fashion is to start big and work to small. This philosophy means you start with the largest items worn, your clothing. Work up to the accessories like shoes and bags. ending details like jewelry and makeup are the small items. They are added last and should not be the centerpiece of the outfit. Begin by taking a look at your skin tone and hair color. Are you warm or cool? An easy test is the flamboyant or silver check. If gold suits you, you are warm. If silver suits you, you are cool. This is true no matter how dark or light skinned you are. Cool toned people will look best in silvers, blues, grays, pastels, despatch-white, purples and spring greens and earth tones. Th ey are the colors of nature in spring and winter. Warm toned people carry off reds, true whites, yellows and oranges, g...