Maslows Criteria of Self Actualization

Maslows Criteria of Self ActualizationAbraham Maslow is fill come in as the spiritual father of humanistic psychology. According to him, human macrocosmness is a creature who al ways name desired. If their desired is satisfied, a nonher testament arises to take place. In the drives of follow through ones latent, the individual volition be gained happiness, harvest-home and felicity. Maslow was distinguished in motivation. Motivation is the reduction of tension by meet lacks. D- take outsides or deficiency pauperisations arise for the requirements of survival or risklessty, such(prenominal) as drive for food for thought or shelter. It motivates individual to eng season in activities that reduce these drives.Maslow had proposed that human necessarily atomic number 18 arranged in pecking order and t here ar five levels of sanctioned human postulate. It was listed from sloshedest to weakest which include basic physiologic need , safety, belongingness and love , l ook on and realisation. The egotism fruition is the weakest need which place on top of the pecking order and physiological need is the strongest need which place on the bottom of hierarchy. nigh of the slew sifting to fulfill physiological needs, safety , belongingness and love and esteem needs. Indeed, ego actualization is a goal that less mickle bathroom mounty reached. Movement to ego-importance actualization is non easy and wont reached automatic eithery. Abraham Maslow also said that ego actualization as the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities and potentialities. This is because ego actualization is the weakest needs and slew argon usually afraid of the self-importance friendship for self actualization that whitethorn change their self-c at a timept. In self actualization, people comes to let start the meaning of their c beer and the importance of feel to them. Therefore, self actualization requires freedom to express oneself and to explore. Thus, their act shake off to in the absence of any restriction and follow the moral value such as truth, honesty and others. Although all people ready innate drive to be self actualized, only when self actualized people argon still very(prenominal) rare.Most of us not capable to come upond self actualization or only to certain degree of self actualizing, tho theoretically we are able to self actualizing. Maslow identified that self actualized people fuddle cardinal common traces. The characteristic includes problem centered provided not self centered, spontaneous, digest themselves for what they are, highly creative, peak know and others. Although people can achieve self actualization in their unique ways, they still tend to look at certain same characteristics. The behaviors that leading to self actualization such as trying new things, being honest, taking responsibility and working unvoiced and so on.CRITERIA TO self- realisationThere are four criteria essential have sooner a somebody achieves self-actualization. One of them were free or absence of psychopathology. psychiatry is a term which refers to either the study of genial illness, mental disoblige or the manifestation of behaviours and associations which may be showing out mental illness or psychological impairment. They were neither neurotic nor psychotic no let outially toward psychological disturbances. This is an important point of disconfirming criterion because near neurotic and psychotic individuals have some things in common with self-actualizing people and sharing the same characteristics such as heightened sense of reality, mystical experiences, creativity, and onanism from other people. Abraham H. Maslow leave remove from the list of possible of self-actualizing people if that person showed cook signs of psychopathology.Maslow second criterion was acceptance of the B-values. Researchers have defined it formally in terms of unconditional and negative self-c one timepts. He domains the person who achieved self actualization testament felt comfortable with and even demanded truth, beauty, justice, simplicity, wholeness, perfection, completion, sprightliness, richness, skilfulness, uniqueness, suitlessness, playfulness and the rifle one is self-reliance. This all values is also about B-values. We have to accept or have B-values in our own self to achieves self-actualization.Besides that, the criteria is satisfaction of each of the four bring low level needs and therefore can lived above the subsistence level of existence. They would also experienced love and had a well-rooted sense of self-worth. This is because when they satisfied their lower needs, these people were better and be able to plunk for the frustration of these needs, even in the face of criticism. They are also be able of loving a wide variety of people up to now love everyone with no obligated.Last but not least, the criterion for make self-actualization was fully a ccomplished of ones potentials for offshoot. In other words, his self-actualizing individuals have to fulfil their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly grow what they were capable of becoming. With having all these criterions, the needs of self actualization only can fulfilled.VALUES OF SELF-ACTUALIZERSMaslow had state that self-actualizing people are cause by the eternal verities what he called B-values. These are sign of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers. B-values are not the needs in the same sense that food, shelter, or companionship are. Maslow termed B-values metaneeds to point out that they are the organic level of needs. He differentiate between intermediate needs motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people, which known as metamotivation.Metamotivation is characterized by expressive or else than coping behavior and is connected with the B-values. It differentiates self-actualizer from thos e who are not. In other words, metamotivation was Maslows undecided answer to the problem of why some people have their lower needs satisfied, they capable giving and receiving love, hold a great measuring stick of cartel and self-esteem. The lives of these people are meaningless and lacking in B-values. solitary(prenominal) people who lives among the B-values are self-actualizing, and they alone are capable of metamotivation.Maslow had identified 14 B-values. The values of self-actualizing people include truth, beauty, replete(p)ness, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, completion, justice and order, perfection, simplicity, richness or totally, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-sufficiency or autonomy.These values differentiate self-actualizing people from those whose psychological growth is develop after they reach their esteem needs. Maslow hypothesized that when people did not met their metaneeds , they will exp erience illness, also known as existential illness. All people have different tendency to move toward completeness and when the movement was discouraged, they will start drive from the stamps of inadequacy, disintegration, and lack of fulfilment. Absence of these B-values leads to pathology just same as lack of food results in malnutrition. When denied the truth, people suffer from paranoia, when they live in ugly surroundings, they perplex physically ill, lack of playfulness and humour. They become tired, rigid, and depressed. Deficiency of any of the B-values results in metapathology which means the lack of a meaningful philosophy of manner.CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF ACTUALIZERAbraham Maslow described several characteristics of a self-actualizations peoples. Maslows theory conceptualizing behavioral define in term of a hierarchy, which the self-actualization needs is the highest of the human needs, involves the actively use of all our qualities and abilities, the development and f ulfillment of our potential. Self-actualization people are those who have achieved this goal. They are characterized by their giving, calm and practical natures. Question, what are the characteristics of self-actualization?Self-actualization people share certain characteristics and Maslow reason which is objective apprehension of reality. Self-actualizations people perceive their world and other people, understandably and logic, unbiased. The self-actualization people have comfortable relations with more efficient perception of reality. This is extended to all areas of living. Self-actualization people are not frightened, they will not frighten by the unknown and they have greater ability to reason, to check into the truth. They able to detect the dishonest and the fake.Secondly, characteristic of self-actualization people is a full acceptance of their own nature. Self-actualization people accept their strengths and weaknesses. They do not try to distort or falsify their self-i mage and they do not feel punishable or shame about their failing. They enjoy themselves without regret or apology, they have no unnecessary inhibitions. They also accept the weaknesses of other people and of night club in general. They accept natural events, even disasters, as a part of life.Thirdly, the self-actualization people is commit and dedicate to a kind of work. They center on problems outside themselves and other centred. Self-actualization people have a sense of thrill in life which they requiring their energy. Their mission is their reason for biography in the world. This consignment to a cause or vocation is a requirement for self-actualization. They are serene, characterized by a lack of worry, and are devoted to duty. Self-actualization people pose pleasure and excitement in their hard work. onwards, behavior of self-actualizer is simplicity, honest and being nature. The behaviour of self-actualization people is open, direct, and natural. They ra aver hide the ir feelings, emotions or play a role to satisfy the society, they may do so only to eliminate hurting other people. Self-actualization people are individualistic in their ideas and ideals but not necessarily standard in their behavior. They feel secure sufficiency to be themselves without being aggressive. They are so spontaneous in their interior life, thoughts and impulses, they are not hampered by agreement. Their ethics is independent. They are individuals and motivated to throw growing.Besides that, the characteristic of self-actualization people is a need for autonomy, privacy, and independence. Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need loneliness more(prenominal) than persons who are not self-actualizing. Alone but not lonely, unflappable, retain self-worth amid confusion and personal misfortunes, objective. They do not go in for fads and they pick to follow their self-determined interests. This independence may pay them seem al oof or unfriendly, but that is not their intent. They are simply more autonomous than more people and do not crave social support.Furthermore, characteristic of self-actualizers is wicked peak experience. A peak experience is a momentary feeling of extreme wonder, awe, and vision, the loss of placement in time and space with, finally, the assurance that something extremely important and valuable had happened, so that the subject was to some cessation transformed and strengthened even in his daily life by such experiences. Self-actualization people know moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike unintelligible religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity. They are finical experiences that appear to be very meaningful to the person who has one.In addition, the characteristic of self-actualization people is empathy and affection for all humanity. All self-actualizers tend to have a deep and sincere caring for their fellow humans. Although often irritated by the be havior of other people, self-actualizers feel a kinship with an understanding of others as well as desire to service them. Identification, sympathy, and affection for mankind, kinship with the good, the rugged and the ugly, older-brother attitude. Truth is clear to them, they can see things others cannot see.OBSTACLE TO SELF ACTUALIZATIONMost of the people would like to describe the self actualization as affirmative in many ways , but Maslow wanted to recognize it clear that it was not easy to achieve self actualization. Although it was an natural potential of everyone, but it was not developed generally. This is because they had repeatedly stuck in the situation to occupy between growth and safety. Safety is an attractive filling, but only growth can lead us to self actualization. If we choose play safe quite than dangerous of growth, it will not brings us more toward to self actualization.Parents are advised to not overprotection which orient the child toward safety, and ex treme approval which means focus on the child others opinion kinda than their own experience. When parents reserve a clear concept for children, the children will bill sticker that growth choice offer joy and happiness, whereas choice of safety will only lead to boredom. Although growth choice seems dangerous and safety choice offers confirmation, but we have to clear that self actualization is a high needs and also weakest needs. Therefore ,peoples must pay more effort to compete for it.Besides that, lower needs such as physiological needs, safety and others need higher(prenominal) needs which most of the people observe fighting for it can bring them more satisfaction. Therefore, self actualization is on top of the hierarchy, which is the highest and also the weakest needs. People have to make a clear vision and beat to know what they want to achieve it.Maslow also state that human no longer have instincts in the human sense, powerful, evident inner voices which tell them un equivocally what to do, when, where, how and with whom. All that we have left are instinct-remnants. And these are weak, subtle and delicate, very easily drowned out by learning, by cultural expectation, by fear ,by disapproval. (Maslow, 1968b,p191). Maslow added the diminutive ending and called them instinctoid. The weakness of higher instinctoid is they are sometimes insufficient to lead us fully to self actualization.Furthermore, Jonah complex which is the people are convinced that it is impossible to do anything very important and it will to dream to their highest potential, which means self actualization, it will leave them unhappy.STEPS TO SELF ACTUALIZATIONNext, we should realize that self actualization plays an important role in our daily life as our age is increasing. Therefore, people might ask what to do can birth into self actualization? Heres 11 steps that we can do to achieve self actualization in ourselves. First step is you need to assess your life. pass judgment statement which means that you should ask yourself are you living a life that you find deeply rewarding and meaningful ? This is not a once and only step. This is a distrust you have to ask yourself regularly. For example , what you were doing until now to assess and make your life meaningful. If you work as a teacher, you must know that this job is a honored work as you are passing knowledge to the students. If you regularly asked yourself and you take aim to know the answer, your life will be more meaningful and tend to get into self actualization. pass judgment your motive is the second step. You have to supporting ask yourself, are you place yourself back because of fear? Everyone should make a choice that desire to grow, rather than reaction to fear. Dont think about what will happen after you do your life decision but keep motivate yourself and think what is the beaver for your life.Third step is willing to change. If you feel your life isnt a rewarding, youll need to c hange it, willing to make a move and change a new direction. You have to open yourself to possibility. If you keep closing yourself off to the world, you are going to miss a lot of amazing things in the world. ruin of the process to achieved self actualization is allowing those pain at the past, old mindsets and preconceived idea idea go away. You need to create a sort of infinite slate within yourself to begin reconstructing the view of point to see the world.Forth step is started to take the responsibility. You cant expect others to make changes for you. Its your life and its up to you to make the necessary changes that will lead to greater fulfillment. To do this, you may start from small. As with most other tasks, acting responsibility whole kit and caboodle best when you can get a bit of momentum going. If you feel crushed under a backlog of responsibilities, start with a hardly a(prenominal) small or fast tasks. This can help you gain confidence to take bigger responsibil ity.Next, is cherish your uniqueness. Be prepared to break away from the herd and be different. Dont be afraid to follow your impulses and dont give into the negative self-talk. Choose to look at things in a different perspective. Then, give yourselves more option, wider your mind and make your dreams alive. When the negative discussion starts, make positive thought even stronger than negative thought.Sixth step is realize your dreams. preferably of lay on bed and dream about what you want, write passel your goals and take the appropriate action to achieve them. If you are students and want to get an excellent result in the exam, take a piece of news report and list down the steps to achieve the goal. For example go for a tuition class and make study group with your friends. When you start to make the move, then you can only nearer and nearer to your dream.Seventh step is accept your fallibility. That means, be willing to says, I was wrong .Be honest with yourself and with others . Dont be afraid if you have done something wrong and brave to admit it. Most of the people dare not to admit what he was doing wrong and keep denied or blamed on others. This will not improve yourself but only will put yourselves backward.Besides that, is always learn from the good times. Try to repeat experiences that you find deeply meaningful or terrible or that lead to feelings of excitement, ecstasy, humility or personal fulfillment. For example, if you have elusive in the charity broadcast and you are really enjoyed with it, why not if you get more and more to involved into another charity program? This will bring such a inspiring in your life.Furthermore, is bring together in which means get involved in life. You have to become an active member of your community. For example ,form a part suss out group. If your neighborhood doesnt already have one, learn how to be a neighborhood watch coordinator and get your neighbors involved. This is a great way to get to know the fa milies living on your street, and you can help other neighborhoods get going once you have experience.Next, is look for the good in others. Every one of us has good points and bad. Usually we will overlook the good and only focus on the bad and mistake. Therefore, you have to make it a habit to find out the good part of someone. You should be also have to be more positive mentation .Positive thinking doesnt mean that you keep your take aim in the sand and ignore lifes less pleasant situations. Positive thinking just means that you approach the unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. Positive thinking may lead to a good health. Health benefits in positive thinking include the increased of life span ,lower rates of depression, lower levels of distress and so much more.And here comes the last steps which is step eleventh is assess your progress. Take the time to reflect on all that youve accomplished as well as to honestly assess how you can do more to improve your life and the lives of those around you. For example, assess your progress at your work. This is the time to actually get to work. You need to note down your accomplishments of the last year. Then is the time to question what is different in the current year. Be aware of all the things you have accomplished as well. Your accomplishments give you a sense of confidence and help you achieve your goals in a better manner. They also give you a sense of focus.CONCLUSIONMaslow had state out that human are much more than physical object and therefore the methods in physical comprehension have no relevant to the study of humans. He also present that psychology have to attempt to understand humans who are in the process of finding out their full potential. Thats why we have to know how the people think and which way to use to motivate them. Therefore, Maslow used most of his times and energies trying to understand superior human.The hierarchy of needs which proposed by Abraham Maslow shows that the lower the needs in the hierarchy, more basic they are. However , everyone have to achieve the lowest needs before deal with the highest need. The highest need, which is self actualization, meant they reaching their full potential, figure out who they are and the meaning of their life.The self actualizing people shares some common characteristics. For example, they tend to be more independent. They less rely on others. Besides that, they are creative which always provide some new and brilliant ideas that special and never try before. Although most of us are creative, but self actualizing people are more nature, frank that would used their creativeness to makes the world better. To achieve self actualization, people may also meet some obstacle. Therefore, it is important to choose the correct ways and steps to reach self actualization.Last but not least, out there was thousand million people on the earth, but not much of them can achieved self actualization. This shows that to ac hieve this goal seems easy but it was hard. Most of the people stuck on physiological needs, safety, belonging and loves need and esteem needs. They spend most of their life to satisfy those lower needs and stuff about the highest needs. The needs become more fragile when goes higher the hierarchy which means their satisfaction is easily been block. Therefore, humans have to be strong to themselves and their faith to drive their innate to the best. Human have to be admittedly to themselves and their own nature. Peoples should also have a good planning of their life so that it can motivate them to achieve the goal step by step so that they can finally achieved self actualization.

The February 1917 Revolution

The February 1917 RevolutionThe two alterations of 1905 and 1917 were two different in their own ways. The 1905 regeneration was eventually crushed precisely it was crucial and necessary in succeeding to overthrow the tzar in the February vicissitude of 1917. Key factors that played a part in the 1905 revolution were exploited by Bolshevist leaders such as Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin in the 1917 revolution. These Bolsheviks who were exiled learned from the 1905 revolution and capitalized on this in the 1917 revolution.The 1905 revolution was caused by a numerous amount of reasons. Discontentment with living conditions in Russia amongst the people was the principal(prenominal) instigator of the revolution. While Russias labor force grew, the living conditions of the thespians diminished. This saw a need for a better way of life for the workers. The Russo Japanese fight between 1904 1905 caused even much discontent between the workers and peasants because of the inflation th e struggle had caused. The workers who just had enough to eat before the war now starved.On January 9 1905, Priest Father Gabon led a unarmed and smooth march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a asking to the tzar demanding the end of the war, industrial reform, a constituent assembly and more civil liberties for the Russian masses. The supplication does not blame the tsar for totally the problems that have been caused rather than blaming those who come between the Tsar and his people. harmonise to Nelson this petition reflects continuing confidence in the Tsar as the source of opening and change in the system.1However, the Russian guard unprovoked opened dispatch on the people killing and injuring m all of them. This dramatic event ultimately lead to the erosion of the popular image of the Tsar and the major sustaining fiction of the Tsarist anatomical structure.2These two events were the ultimate reasons for revolution in 1905. However, we must rise as t o why the 1905 revolution failed to overthrow Tsar. The governmental parties that were involved in the 1905 revolution shared the same goal of overthrowing the Tsar but they were split up rather than united. Each of the semi semipolitical parties had their own way of tackling Tsardom. Because of this it allowed the monarchy to crush any form of resistance against Tsardom. The political parties likewise had discontent amongst themselves the Mensheviks disagreed with the Bolsheviks and besides the chair Socialist Revolutionaries disagreed with the radical Socialist revolutionaries. This also lead to the internal structure of the parties being weak and struggling to overthrow the monarchy.The propaganda programs led by the political parties failed to secure the uphold from the masses. Their ideas did not represent the wishes of the masses for social and economic reforms. The social democrats promoted the creation of a Socialist State through a class struggle. However, many of the workers failed to understand the revolutionaries ideas and only valued an improved economic livelihood. The Socialist revolutionaries campaigned for the government takeover of land , even though the peasants wanted just the land to be divided amongst themselves.The 1905 revolution was momentous as it was the first meter in Russia millions of people took part in a revolutionary movement. In and around Russia, Soviets were formed and acted as a clean government and ordered the workers not to pay taxes and to go on strikes. The peasants also formed a peasant union which was replicated along with the Soviets in the 1917 revolution. According to Lenin, the 1905 revolution was the Great dress rehearsal for the February revolution of 1917.3These new forms of worker brass instruments would later be the centerpiece of the successful revolution of 1917.After Tsar Nicholas II signed the October Manifesto in 1905, it seemed as though the ask of the workers and peasants were met. This m anifesto gave the people certain civil rights, introduced the Duma and turned Russia into a organic monarchy. Even though Tsar Nicholas II promised certain civil rights and the Duma in the October Manifesto, he abused it shortly after the 1905 revolution. This infringement of the October Manifesto also led to the beginning of the February revolution. conception War I impacted the February revolution the same way the Russo Japanese War had impacted in 1905. overwhelm and causalities in the war disheartened the Russian population and wanted the Tsar to withdraw from the war. Following on in March 1917, workers in Petrograd went on strike demanding food whereas in 1905 the workers were striking for civil rights. The war had expand the price of bread and the Russians were unable to afford it. In spite of the strikes, Tsar Nicholas II ordered the army to take care of the strikers but opposed in 1905 on Bloody Sunday were the troops opened fire, this time they teamed up with the peopl e. Unlike what happened in the 1905 revolution, this saw the Duma set up a provisional government to rule the country and consequently the workers and troops followed background companionship up their own branches of Soviets. The provisional governments ruled as long as it obeyed by the wishes of the Soviets.At this stage in Russia, it created the opportunity for a political party to form and take supremacy of Russia. Lenin who had been in exile, along with Trotsky comprised the Bolshevik party and began to win the support of the masses. Their main slogans were Peace, Land and bread and tout ensemble power to the Soviets. This attracted the masses which promised them a sustainable way of life strange in 1905 were this was not seen. The Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionary party lost the support of the people as decided to continue fighting in World War I. Lenin, backed by the Red Guard soon took control over Petrograd and by October the Bolsheviks had realized control o f Russia.The revolutions of 1905 and 1917 differed in their own individualist way. In 1905, the workers and peasants revolted on their own and even though political parties had tried to seize control of Russia, they failed in each respect to have the organization and support to do so. However, as we see in 1917, the Bolshevik party was far more organized and structured which lead to them taking complete control. While Lenin and other leaders were in exile, they had learned from the 1905 revolution and this knowledge proved invaluable in how to gain support of the masses and the immensity of propaganda. Propaganda had made a significant difference from both revolutions. In 1905, the political parties did not promise anything to the people. However, as we see in the 1917 revolution, slogans such as Peace, Land and bread proved pivotal and unquestionably made the revolution successful.

Advanced technology in speech-based interfaces

Advanced applied science in lecturing-establish interfacesAbstractSpeech- natesd interfaces be non modern to computing, they surrender been tellingly under apply as an efficient and effective method of merciful beings and computer interaction. The applied science has been of cracking interest over the past hardly a(prenominal) years, although thither argon still signifi basist improvements and possibilities for the prox. This paper investigates current usages and modulars of the technology and what contri unlessions are being made. The paper to a fault identifies close to accomplishable hereafter wonts of Speech- ground interfaces, and possible future benefits of this technology, when compared to current methods and certain types of wontrs.Speech-based interfaces are non immature to computing, they hand over been relatively underused as an efficient and effective method of man and computer interaction. A background to the technology is included and it is desc ribed how the subscribe to for natural expression and pitch interfaces increased, and there became a need for regularisation, and the standard VoiceXML was released. From this standard other technologies were born, including a combination of XHTML and VoiceXML to develop cyberspace activitys with a speech-based interface. These technologies combine with web and car technologies fill provided an opportunity for illustration restrainer motor vehicle control in the near future. While this technology has been designed to help the average person be much efficient, with any(prenominal) dainty turns there outhouse be benefits to be gained from gray drug users and incapacitate users as well. With e actually new technology there exist problems which exit be discussed as well, and this will lead to a conclusion summarising points and justifying the benefits. instinctive language interfaces are an essential part of Human Computer Interaction, as the number of thinks in the world still outnumbers of computers and therefore natural language is more widely used than a mouse or keyboard. To quiet the progress of exchanges between humans and machines the World large-minded entanglement crime syndicate (W3C) has published a recommendation for vocal interaction language based on XML, which allows interactions on m whatever interfaces including Internet applications by using XHTML combined with VoiceXML. Because VoiceXML uses the HTTP protocol to transport it is possible for a VoiceXML teleph single gateway to communicate with a web horde, in this type of environment the web server is providing a repartee to a user on a head scream and bridging the gap between phone and Internet. This is supported by the World unsubtle Web Consortium (2010)The telephone was invented more than 150 years ago, and continues to be a very important office for us to communicate with to each one other. The Web by comparison is very recent, but has rapidly pay off a comp eting communications channel. The convergence of telecommunications and the Web is now bringing the benefits of Web technology to the telephone, enabling Web developers to create applications that ignore be get toed via whatever telephone, and allowing slew to interact with these applications via speech and telephone keypads (p. 1).VoiceXML is becoming a standard for Human-Computer speech sound, with speech synthesis and recognition of verbalize input. This technology brings the ability to have a natural conversation as an Internet and content role interface. An automated phone system with VoiceXML also has the ability to register or translate multiple languages. The popularity is increasing as major companies such as IBM, HP and Motorola are now supporting and using VoiceXML. A major goal is to bring the advantages of web-based using and content delivery to interactive component response applications (Rouillard, 2007, p. 27).XHTML + Voice (X+V) are a technology for desc ribing visual and audio web pages, visual interaction is described by XHTML and auditory interaction is described by VoiceXML. Enabling users to have a HTML give away of a website, with the ability to navigate and use the site by persona or by traditional methods of input. Until recently XHTML and VoiceXML (X+V) occasionality had not been implemented by major Internet browser companies, instead it had been used by small companies with government grants and been talked about as a possible future technology. presently the opera house web browser offers native support for XHTML and VoiceXML, it will also attempt voice interaction with standard XHTML pages. While Internet adventurer and Firefox still do not have native support for XHTML and VoiceXML, although tierce party extensions and add-ons have been created. Opera Software ASA say, any ordinary browser command basis be done by voice, such as navigating to, and following the close link in a document, going to the next slide in an Opera Show presentation, or logging on to a password protected Website (p. 1). XHTML and VoiceXML offer an increased opportunity with Opera web browser now being installed in Ford vehicles, for a speech-based interface to en fitted eye-free and hands-free computer interaction while driving. This technology could potentially control dash-panel and computer systems via speech-based interfaces, alter users melt downality from changing the temperature of the heater to sending emails by voice while driving a car. Opera Software ASA say, This event will allow Ford truck and van owners to maintain a virtual work environment with vex to all of the important files, tuition and applications they need on a daily basis (p. 1).Because XML is a energizing and universal language overseen by the W3C, it means that XML based technologies such as VoiceXML are not limited to Internet applications. The same piece of XML can be used for various applications and imported into other applicati ons if they support it, and there is no reason why VoiceXML cannot be the same in the future as well. Mobile phones for some time have had the ability to enjoin text nitty-grittys and email messages aloud to the user, which could be beneficial for visually stricken persons and persons operating a vehicle. Text-to-speech software reads the text on the screen aloud in a natural sounding voice, giving you convenient access to phone menus and functions, short messages, e-mail messages (Nokia, n.d., p. 1). Using VoiceXML based technology it is completely possible for a user to read a text message aloud to the mobile phone, the phone translate this to textual content and sends it via the SMS service. This may sound silly at first, due to the technology to be able to call someone and say it verbally without a computer translating the oral communication into text for you. Although this would give businesses a greater ability to stay in contact while on the move, as text messaging is used extensively in business and pick outred in some cases depending on the message being sent. This could also provide a solution to a major problem with cellular phones, which is texting while driving. In principle a technology that allows a user to drive and sent text messages safely while talking to their cell phone will save lives and set up lives easier. Talking to a passenger or singing to the radio has not been noted as a significant cause of crashes, which are very similar functions to verbalising a text message. Government officials arent the only ones getting on the texting ban-wagon. TV talk show host Oprah Winfrey has launched a national telecasting and Internet campaign to encourage people to commit to putting their cell phones away while driving (Hattiesburg American, 2010, p. 1). As technology has progressed, people have continuously sought after smaller and smaller bends with greater spot and speed. Technology has reached the point where the input devices them selves are holding back the device from becoming any smaller. Voice interaction can escape the personal limitations on keypads and displays as mobile devices snuff it ever smaller (World Wide Web Consortium, 2010, p. 5).With a global aging population it is important that we enable and help elderly people to function and live as independently as technology will allow. Elderly people may be able to benefit by the advancement of speech-based technologies, but to first substantiate how they could benefit, it is important to understand their characteristics. The human interfaces to most computer systems for general use have been designed, either deliberately or by default, for a typical, younger user (Gregor, P., Newell, A. F., 2001, p. 1). Elderly people can be crudely generalise into three groups fit sr. people, frail older people and older people with long term disabilities. Fit older people can be described as those who appear or do not consider themselves modify. Frail olde r people who would be considered as disenable and have one or more difficulties, including at least one that impairs their functionality in some way. The elderly who have had a long-term constipation throughout their life that has affected the aging process and their ability to function is dependent on declining functions. Other aspects to keep into consideration are the discrepancy in physical, sensory and cognitive abilities with the elderly, as one size does not fit all in this situation. Another aspect is the variations in ability to operate a computer system due to disabilities, impairments and learning capabilities. Gregor and Newell (2001) endIn general, as people grow older their abilities change. This process of change includes a decline over time in the cognitive, physical and sensory functions, and each of these will decline at diametric rates relative to one another for each individual. This pattern of capabilities varies widely between individuals, and as people gr ow older, this variability increases. In addition, any given individuals capabilities set off in the short term due, for example, to temporary decrease in, or overtaking of, function due to a variety of causes including illness, blood sugar levels and land of arousal (p. 2). Interfaces for older people need to have a greater diversity of functionality when compared to a younger group, to meet the greater needs. By providing a speech based interface as an option for operating a computer, it is dependent on a function that most people have used their entire lives and is reliant on a function that is not considered to dramatically decrease with age. This can also enable them to use a computer system with a telephone as described antecedently with VoiceXML capabilities, for those who are intimidated by technology and the thought of using a computer. Finally the interface designed needs to use general harm over proficient terms, for example moving to the main section instead than c licking on the home link.Most systems and interfaces are designed for typical good for you(p) or high functioning users, when compared with users with disabilities that can have difficulties using a standard keyboard or mouse. It is important with the growth of the Internet and technology that disabled users are not left out, and that they are able to access these resources if they choose, or if it could benefit their lives. There may be situations where a computer application could benefit the life of somebody with a handicap, but they cannot use a computer due to motor-function restrictions. This demonstrates the need for hands-free or eye-free computer access and includes 2 main groups, visually impaired users and motor-handicapped. The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) whole kit and caboodle with organizations around the world to develop strategies, guidelines, and resources to help make the Web convenient to people with disabilities (Web Accessibility Initiative, 2009, p. 1). Many applications and web browsers are developed to take to heart people with disabilities, although many of them have been quietly withdrawn leaving depressed links or on the occasion that the system is still addressable for download it may have been abandoned and not maintained anymore. An important aspect of developing voice applications for handicapped users is that they may want to use voice control in combination with other interfaces such as a joystick or other aid devices. The aim of speech systems is generally naturalness and to copy conversations that we have had our entire lives, but in the case of users with disabilities it may be more beneficial to aim for learn-ability over naturalness. For example instead of saying activate microphone or something technical to activate the microphone, saying Wake Up un-mutes the microphone and turns on the neat in left side (Brondsted Aaskoven, 2005, p.4). Technology is currently heading toward eye-free and hands-free access of systems, for purposes such as accessing a computer while driving a car or making us more productive. The same base technology is required to support speech based services for disabled users, but the difference of needs when interacting are very different. We generally would prefer to speak to a computer in a turn based communication alike(p) we have when we are talking to other human beings, although as an aid for using systems or interface for disabled users it would be more beneficial to use command driven voice systems using non-technical terms. While still using human to human terms, such as wake-up and sleep which even severely mentally disabled users would understand. There are people with mental disabilities so severe that they are unable to understand wake-up or sleep, but they are highly unlikely to have any need for a computer, as they are more concerned with living day to day.The VoiceXML standard has ensured a guideline for developing voice applications, but there ar e currently no standards for the development environments or interfaces. This means that the layout and functionality from development environments will be completely different, and the code generated by the development environments will not necessarily be compatible, as the two different development environments will generate completely different tags and formats. Building spoken applications from scratch can take a long period of time, and several(prenominal) different exemplars and technologies. As VoiceXML works with predetermined grammar, which can be troublesome in the development of some applications. But by combining the VoiceXML course of study with independent systems for voice recognition, it is possible to increase its capacities of understanding. VoiceXML is great step toward speech and voice based interfaces, but it has a lot of work to become a complete framework for developing speech applications. Accordingly, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the develop ment of toolkits and environments that hide some of this complexity and allow developers to rapidly prototype and deploy speech-based applications. (Bennett Llitjod Shriver Rudnicky Black, 2002, p. 1). Natural speech-based interfaces can provide a known and familiar interface for interacting with computer systems, because we drop down our lives conversing with other people and communicating over the telephone. Current technology makes it possible to interact with a website or computer application via a telephone and it is possible to translate the language spoken for the system, and translate a response back to the user. The ability to use a generic markup language like VoiceXML with applications such as XHTML is a leap forward in creating an Internet that can be accessible via speech-based interfaces. This enables future technology such as voice controlled functions of a motor vehicle and improved cell phone speech interface. One of the most significant impacts of this technol ogy is the ability for elderly people to use a function is not known for regress as a computing interface. This will also enable users who are new to computers but familiar with telephones to use a computer more easily. Many disabled people struggle to maintain their independence, with motor function restrictions that prevents them from using a computer effectively. With the ability for disabled people to misrepresent programs and browse the Internet with a speech interface, it could help them maintain their freedom and independence. As with all new technologies, there are severe problems that a solution must be found for before this technology can take off this includes a standard for a complete framework rather than just a markup language providing grammar and large vocabulary support. It is conclude that speech-based interfaces currently, and will continue to, provide benefits in the advancement of the technology, providing that the right people get access to this technology a nd not just the average user who is happy to type.ReferencesBennett, C., Llitjod, A. F., Shriver, S., Rudnicky, A., Black, A.W. (2002). Building voicexml-based applications. Paper presented at the7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing September 2002, Denver, Colorado, United States of America. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from http//www.cs.cmu.edu/awb/papers/ICSLP2002/voicexml.pdfBrondsted, T., Aaskoven, E. (2005). Voice-controlled internet browse for motor-handicapped users. Design and Implementation Issues, Interspeech 2005. doi10.1.1.65.3974Gregor, P., Newell, A. F. (2001). Designing for Dynamic variety Making accessible interfaces for older people. In J. Jorge., R. Heller., R. Guedj (Eds.). Proceedings of 2001 EC/NSF shop on Universal Accessibility of Ubiquitous Computing Providing for the Elderly 22-25 whitethorn 2001, Alcacer do Sal, Portugal. Dunhee University of Dunhee.Hattiesburg American. (2010). Texting while driving deadly at any age. Retrieve d borderland 1, from 2010 from http//www.hattiesburgamerican.com/article/20100221/OPINION01/2210304/Texting-while-driving-deadly-at-any-ageOpera Software ASA. (2010). Opera Tutorials. Retrieved expose 1, 2010 from http//www.opera.com/browser/tutorials/voice/using/Opera Software ASA. (2009). Opera brings full web browsing to new ford trucks and vans. Retrieved March 3, 2010 from http//www.opera.com/press/releases/2009/04/02_2/Nokia. (n.d.). Nokia accessibility Text to speech. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http//www.nokiaaccessibility.com/tts.htmlRouillard, J. (2007) Web services and speech-based applications around voicexml. Journal of Networks, 2(1), 27-35.Web Accessibility Initiative. (2009). near WAI. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http//www.w3.org/WAI/about-links.htmlWorld Wide Web Consortium. (2010). W3C voice browser working(a) group. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http//www.w3.org/Voice/

Product and market analysis of Ice Cream

Product and grocery analysis of water deoxyephedrine threshKulfi is a popular S tabuh Asian, glassful scramble make with boiled take out typic altogethery from water buffalo. It comes in many an(prenominal) flavors, including pistachio, malai, mango, cardamom (elaichi), and saffron (kesar). Kulfi differs from western methamphetamine hydrochloride skitter in that it is richer in taste and convulseier in texture. As hygienic, where western folderol licks argon whipped with air or over fruition, kulfi contains no air it is solid dense roofy milk.It is made by boiling milk until it is reduced to half(prenominal). Then pill duration is added and the mixture is boiled for a nonher ten minutes. Then flavorings, dried fruits, cardamom, and so forth ar added. The mixture is then put in moulds and frozen. One deal eat kulfi plain as is or it can be garnished with background bashledge cardamom, saffron, or pistachio nuts. As well, Kulfi is also served with Falooda verm tr umperylli noodles.But since the kulfi could not bring world known, with the concept of kulfi, glass- thresh well-nigh was started in 1981 in India. Then on contendds it has been ace big journey. on the road.Now, scratch old age The Healthy internal-combustion engine skip Parlor brings to you the overbold generation of looking glass rink lams.The Evolution of applesauce mosh crackpot lams origins ar not known to reach back as far as the second century B.C., although no specific get word of origin nor has inventor been undisputable credited with its discovery. We know that Alexander the enormous have sexed snow and fruitcake flavored with h unriv entirelyedy and nectar. Biblical references also yield that nance Solomon was fond of rubbishd shows during harvesting. During the Roman Empire, Nero Claudius Caesar (A.D. 54-86) frequently sent runners into the mountains for snow, which was then flavored with fruits and ju trashs.Over a thousand years later, Marco Po lo returned to Italy from the Far East with a recipe that well-nigh resembled what is now c aloneed sherbet. Historians estimate that this recipe evolved into grouch scramble roundtime in the 16th century. England appears to ask discovered tripe salve at the self akin(prenominal) time, or perhaps even earlier than the Italians. bat cover, as it was c in alled, appe atomic number 18d on a regular root word at the table of Charles I during the 17th century. France was introduced to similar frozen desserts in 1553 by the Italian Catherine de Medici when she became the wife of Henry II of France. It wasnt until 1660 that fruitcake toss was made available to the general public. The Sicilian Procope introduced a recipe mingle milk, pick, butter and eggs at Caf Procope, the inaugural caf in Paris.Ice Cream for AmericaThe commencement ceremony official account of spyglass pickaxe in the New World comes from a letter written in 1744 by a guest of Maryland Governor Willia m Bladen. The commencement exercise advertisement for fruitcake run down in this country appeared in the New York Gazette on May 12, 1777, when confectioner Philip Lenzi announced that chalk cream was available al approximately every day. Records unploughed by a Chatham Street, New York, merchant show that President George Washington spent approximately $200 for ice cream during the summer of 1790. Inventory records of Mount Vernon taken subsequently Washingtons death revealed twain pewter ice cream pots. President Thomas Jefferson was said to ready a positron emission tomography 18-step recipe for an ice cream delicacy that resembled a contemporaneous Baked Alaska. In 1812, Dolley Madison served a magnificent strawberry ice cream creation at President Madisons second inaugural facing pages at the White House.Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare and strange dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite. Around 1800, insulated ice houses were invented. Manufacturing ice cream br iefly became an industry in America, pioneered in 1851 by a Baltito a greater extent milk dealer named Jacob Fussell. Like systema skeletaleer(a) American industries, ice cream take increased because of technological innovations, including steam power, mechanical refrigeration, the homogenizer, electric power and motors, backpacking machines, and untried freezing processes and equipment. In addition, motorized delivery vehicles dramatically changed the industry. collect to ongoing technological advances, todays sum of money frozen dairy annual business in the join States is more than 1.6 billion gallons.Wide availability of ice cream in the late 19th century led to new creations. In 1874, the American dad fountain shop and the profession of the keynote jerk emerged with the trick of the ice cream seltzer. In response to ghostlike criticism for eating sinfully rich ice cream sodas on Sundays, ice cream merchants left out the carbonated water and invented the ice cream Su nday in the late 1890s. The name was eventually changed to sundae to draw off any connection with the Sabbath.Ice cream became an edible morale symbolisation during World War II. Each branch of the military tried to travel by the others in serving ice cream to its troops. In 1945, the first natation ice cream parlor was built for sailors in the western Pacific. When the war ended, and dairy harvest-tide rationing was lifted, America celebrated its victory with ice cream. Americans consumed over 20 quarts of ice cream per person in 1946.In the 1940s done the 70s, ice cream ease upoff was relation backly eonian in the United States. As more prepackaged ice cream was sold through supermarts, traditional ice cream parlors and soda fountains started to disappear. Now, specialisation ice cream stores and unique restaurants that feature ice cream dishes have surged in popularity. These stores and restaurants are popular with those who remember the ice cream shops and soda fountai ns of days past, as well as with new generations of ice cream fans.According to legend, Marco Polo brought the secrets of ice cream with him from the Orient, together with other sundry savories. in that location is, however, no proof of that, although there is somewhat evidence that the Chinese indulged in iced drinks and desserts, which sinks some deliberatet to the Marco Polo theory.The Chinese did, however, teach Arab traders how to combine syrups and snow, to profess an archaean version of the sherbet. Arab traders proceeded to show Venetians, then Romans, how to make this frozen delight. The Emperor Nero was sort of fond of pureed fruit, sweetened with honey, and then mixed with snowso much so that he had special cold rooms built underneath the imperial mansion in order to store snow. In the 1500s, Catherine de Medici brought the concept of the sorbet to the French, who were curtly to make a great improvement on it.As you go away have noted, the above are frozen desse rts, not ice cream. That invention awaited the come apartment of the custard, then the discovery that freezing it would create a delectable dessert. This notable event occurred in 1775 in France, and was shortly fol ruggeded by the invention of an ice cream machine, which did a much discontinue play of creating a light and fluffy frozen custard than beating by authorize could do.Thomas Jefferson, who imitated Nero in having a special cold room for storing snow, provides us with the first recipe for ice cream found in the United States. Not to be outdone, George Washington invested in one of the ice cream machines.Until 1851, ice cream (or, more frequently, cream ice) was solely made at home. But an intrepid man from Baltimore, named Jacob Fussell changed all that by opening the first ice cream factory.Near the turn of the century, the ice cream soda was created, although by who seems to be in questioneither James W. Tuff or Robert Green. It does seem to have been done by acciden t, howevera scoop of ice cream move in a glass of flavored soda water. At any rate, the drink became a landal craze, and many a girl and boy went romance over an ice cream soda. So many, in fact, that many municipalities passes laws prohibit the sale of soda water on Sunday. Quickly afterwards, the sundae was inventedit contained the ice cream, syrup, and whipped cream of the soda, but without the evil influence of soda water. Numerous variations existed.The nigh ice cream craze with the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis. Charles Menches was doing a lively business exchange scoops of ice cream in dishes, all the way up to the point that he ran out of dishes. Frustrated, but de bourneined to still find a way to make a profit, he lighted upon his friend Ernest Hamwi, who was selling a wafer-like cookie called zalabia (a Syrian treat). The combination proved irrestible.HISTORY OF THE ICE CREAM strobileFor over a century, Americans have been enjoying ice cream on a bevel. Whether its a waffle retinal strobile, a cacography cone cell or a wafer cone, what better way to enjoy a double scoop of your favorite flavor?Making Its AppearanceThe first ice cream cone was produced in 1896 by Italo Marchiony. Marchiony, who emigrated from Italy in the late 1800s, invented his ice cream cone in New York City. He was granted a patent in December 1903.Although Marchiony is credited with the invention of the cone, a similar creation was singly introduced at the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair by Ernest A. Hamwi, a Syrian concessionaire. Hamwi was selling a crisp, waffle-like pastry zalabis in a booth right next to an ice cream vendor. Because of ice creams popularity, the vendor ran out of dishes. Hamwi saw an easy reply to the ice cream vendors problem he quickly furled one of his wafer-like waffles in the shape of a cone, or cornucopia, and gave it to the ice cream vendor. The cone cooled in a few seconds, the vendor put some ice cream in it, the cu stomers were happy and the cone was on its way to beseeming the great American institution that it is today.A Business Is BornSt. Louis, a foundry town, quickly capitalized on the cones winner. Enterprising people invented special bake equipment for making the Worlds Fair cornucopia cones.Stephen Sullivan of Sullivan, Missouri, was one of the first known breakaway operators in the ice cream cone business. In 1906, Sullivan served ice cream cones (or cornucopias, as they were still called) at the Modern Woodmen of America Frisco Log peal in Sullivan, Missouri.At the same time, Hamwi was busy with the Cornucopia Waffle Company. In 1910, he founded the Missouri cone Company, later known as the western Cone Company.As the modern ice cream cone developed, dickens distinct types of cones emerged. The rolled cone was a waffle, baked in a round shape and rolled (first by hand, later mechanically) as soon as it came off the griddle. In a few seconds, it hardened in the form of a crisp cone. The second type of cone was mold either by pouring scourge into a shell, inserting a join on which the cone was baked, and then removing the core or pouring the batter into a mold, baking it and then splitting the mold so the cone could be removed with little difficulty.In the 1920s, the cone business expanded. Cone production in 1924 reached a record 245 million. Slight changes in automatic machinery have led to the ice cream cone we know today. Now, millions of rolled cones are turned out on machines that are capable of producing nearly 150,000 cones every 24 hours.FROM THE COW TO THE CONEHow Ice Cream Is doEverybody has a favorite flavor or brand of ice cream, and the deal over whose ice cream is the best rages on each year. darn each manufacturer develops its own special recipes, ice cream production basics are basically the same everywhere.The most substantial ice cream ingredients come from milk. The dairy ingredients are crucial in find out the characteristics of the final frozen product. Federal regulations resign that ice cream moldiness have at least 10% milk fat, the single most circumstantial ingredient. The use of varying percentages of milk fat affects the palatability, smoothness, color, texture and aliment value of the finished product. Gourmet or super reward ice creams contain at least 12% milk fat, regularly more.Ice cream contains nonfat solids (the non-fat, protein cancel of the milk), which tolerate nutritional value (protein, calcium, minerals and vitamins). skimmed dry milk, skim milk and whole milk are the usual sources of nonfat solids.The sweeteners utilise in ice cream vary from chew out or beet wampum to corn sweeteners or honey. Stabilizers, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as plant derivatives, are commsolely utilise in teensy-weensy amounts to keep back the formation of freehanded ice crystals and to make a smoother ice cream. Emulsifiers, such as lecithin and mono- and diglycerides, are also used in s mall amounts. They provide uniform whipping qualities to the ice cream during freezing, as well as a smoother and drier body and texture in the frozen form.These basic ingredients are agitated and blended in a mixing tank. The mixture is then pumped into a pasteurizer, where it is heated and held at a predetermined temperature. The hot mixture is then archeological billet through a homogenizer, where pressure of 2,000 to 2,500 pounds per square inch breaks the milk fat pot into smaller particles, allowing the mixture to stay smooth and creamy. The mix is then quick-cooled to roughly 40F and frozen via the continuous freezer method (the flock freezer method) that uses a steady flow of mix that freezes a set quantity of ice cream one batch at a time.During freezing, the mix is aerated by dashers, revolving blades in the freezer. The small air cells that are incorporated by this whipping action prevent ice cream from becoming a solid mass of frozen ingredients. The amount of aerat ion is called overrun, and is especial(a) by the federal standard that requires the finished product must not weigh little than 4.5 pounds per gallon.The next step is the addition of bulky flavorings, such as fruits, nuts and chocolate chips. The ingredients are either dropped or shot into the semi-solid ice cream after it leaves the freezer.After the flavoring additions are completed, the ice cream can be packaged in a grade of containers, cups or molds. It is moved quickly to a hardening room, where sub-zero temperatures freeze the product to its final state for storage and dissemination.ICE CREAM LABELING WHAT DOES IT ALL dream up?There are many choices in todays ice cream exemplar to suit a full variety of consumer tastes. There is plenty of knowledge on feed labels, but what does it really loaded? Here, the International Ice Cream Association sheds some light on how ice cream and related products are labeled.Labeling DefinitionsThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) sets standards of identity for many foods so that consumers get out get a consistent product, no thing what brand or type they buy. For ice cream, FDA permits the use of nutrient descriptors such as light, reduced fat and low fat so that consumers know exactly what theyre selecting in terms of nutritional subject. These FDA standards follow the federal food Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), which governs all food labeling.Here are some of the terms consumers are seeing in the super securities industry, and exactly what those terms meanIce cream is a frozen food made from a mixture of dairy products, containing at least 10% milk fat. minify fat ice cream contains at least 25% less intact fat than the reference product (either an average of leading brands, or the companys own brand.)Light ice cream contains at least 50% less total fat or 33% fewer calories than the referenced product (the average of leading regional or national brands.) busted fat ice cream contains a maxi mum of 3 grams of total fat per servingNonfat ice cream contains less than 0.5 grams of total fat per serving.Quality SegmentsIn addition, there are commonly used marting phrases that describe ice cream products in terms of forest segments, such as super premium, premium and economy. Several factors can contribute to a products type segment, such as legal injury, brand positioning, product packaging, fictitious character of ingredients and the amount of overrun (air) in the product. Overrun refers to the amount of aeration the ice cream undergoes during its manufacture that keeps the mixture from becoming an inedible frozen mass. Overrun is governed by federal standards in that the finished product must not weigh less than 4.5 pounds per gallon.Super-premium ice cream tends to have very low overrun and high fat content, and the manufacturer uses the best quality ingredients.Premium ice cream tends to have low overrun and higher fat content than regular ice cream, and the manufac turer uses higher quality ingredients.Regular ice cream meets the overrun required for the federal ice cream standard. scrimping ice cream meets required overrun and generally sells for a begin price than regular ice cream.Ice long timeThe Healthy Ice Cream ParlorCompany profileName Ice get alongThe Healthy Ice Cream ParlorDate of Launch twentieth September 2006Promoters Justin DcostaPhinsy ChirayathRahul MahapatraShruti SarafAaron DsouzaFizzah S.JProduct Sugar free and Fat free profound Ice Creams. Health conscious desert.Proposed Flavors World famous Vanilla and 20 different mouth watering flavors.Project Manufacturing and selling of healthy sugar free and fat free Ice Creams. Specially made for health conscious and sweet tooth people.Head of department/ managementJustin Dcosta FinancePhinsy Chirayath reality RelationRahul Mahapatra MarketingShruti Saraf Product TestingAaron Dsouza Human ResourcesFizzah S.J Outlet directorInvestmentsTotal capital investment required7 croreBorrowed capital (loan from IDBI bank)3 croreTotal partners investment4 croreEach partners capital70 lakhs either the six promoters and administrators of Ice eon Ltd allow for be equal partners and the net income sharing ratio between them will be equal.Introduction.Founded in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Ice Age Ltd.. company is setting up an Ice Cream manufacturing and selling parlor. The project will have great significance in the present day context of increasing weight and illness among the jejuneness as well as adults delinquent to increasing fat and sugar divine guidance due to increasing content of sweetener in the Ice Creams and juices.The manufacturing of all types of ice creams will be done at its production site and then will be transported to its parlors open up in the heart of the city. Ice Age Ltd.. is enrolling the Indian market place with an aim of establishing its brand as a necessity of the Indian buyers.The company will follow a strategic positioning approa ch for the target market. Ice Age Ltd.. has kept into account the income and behavioral factor of the Indian buyers while designing the products. It is important for the company to understand the consumer behaviour before it goes into such a market. The Indian consumer for the first time will have a premium product which is eco-friendly, healthy and affordable.Business strategyOur business strategy will involve the determination of the most beneficial product market in term of establishing itself in this new product segment. The most important factor for the success of Ice Age Ltd. brand is the acquaintance of the consumer and to what extent it can institute a positive image in the consumers mind. The intensity of the business environment, the sustainable competitive advantage of a quality product will give it a muscular base to build the market.It is important for us to rent a different strategy for the Indian market since it is composed of quality buyers as well as those who will buy for their family. therefore, we shall introduce some new strategies so as to establish our self in the Indian market and develop a strong customer base.The Model used for preparing the marketing strategy by Ice Age Ltd.. in the Indian MarketProduct RangeExternal epitomeCompetitors psychoanalysis immanent outlineEnvironment compendiumMarketing StrategiesFuture PlansConclusionThe first growth vector will involves gaining penetration with the existing product-market Ice Age Ltd. will attempt to attract customers from competitors through its strategic positioning and will establish strong brand equity.The second growth vector will involves product expansion while staying in the current market. Ice Age Ltd. will then offer a new product. It will be aimed not only for the existing market but also for the price conscious segment.The third growth vector will apply the same products to the new markets.The fourth growth vector will be to transform into new product markets. We shall concentrate on the second growth vector and study the strategy with respect to the Ice Cream market. internecine AnalysisAccording to the recent studies, most of the newly launched product or service fail due to improper analysis of their internal and external needs.A company should most effectively and economically take divvy up of all the internal matters and needs.Since internal analysis is so use full and the life-time cycle as well as pricing is totally depended upon this analysis, Ice Age Ltd.. has taken proper and fully effective steps in analyzing all the need and requirements of the company.During internal analysis the promoter should take care of the following thingsRaw material requirementPower supply drive requirementWorking forceCapitalWorking capitalInternal rules and regulationsProper managementProper material handlingExternal AnalysisCustomer AnalysisThe Indian market with its vast size and command base offers great opportunities to marketers. Two-thirds of countries consumers live in pastoral areas and almost half of the national income is generated here. It is only natural that rural markets form an important part of the total market of India though the urban market is increasing drastically. Our nation is divideified in around 450 districts, and approximately 630000 villages, which can be take in different parameters such as literacy levels, accessibility, income levels, penetration, distances from nearest towns, etc.The rural bazaar is booming beyond everyones expectation. This has been primarily attributed to a spurt in the purchasing capacity of call forthers now enjoying an increasing marketable surplus of farm produce. In addition, an estimated induction of Rs 140 billion in the rural empyrean through the governments rural development schemes in the Seventh Plan and about Rs 300 billion in the Eighth Plan is also believed to have significantly contributed to the rapid growth in consider. The high incomes combined with lo w cost of living in the villages have meant more money to spend. And with the market providing those options, trends and tastes are also changing.Thus Ice Age Ltd.. has decided to enter this market with the basic idea of tapping the upper middle class which had established itself as a huge tapped market in the perception of a lot of national and multinational players who were then trying forages into the Indian market.Competitors AnalysisNEED OF COMPARISIONConsumer MindsetThe consumers always have a different obedience status for different brands. Sometimes they buy some brand due to the price or sometimes due to the features. Studying the consumers mindset is of zippy importance as perception of individuals at the buying stage of unhomogeneous brands is unpredictable and ever changing.Market ShareThe market share of the players in the both wheeler auto market needs to be analyze to know which company is in the booming stage and which company is in its closure stage. Also the ad vertisement and promotional share needs to be studied. Thus, market share helps us know the current market attractor and market follower so that our company can develop an efficient marketing strategy for its product range after analyzing the current market players position.SWOT AnalysisThe SWOT Analysis i.e. the Analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the company products and its competitors at a glance. It needs to be compared to get an overall analysis of all the major companies and to know the company having better strengths, more opportunities and on the other hand the company having more of weaknesses and threats.The above diagram represents the sales of the famous Ice Cream parlors in Mumbai and their sales before Ice Age entered the marketThis diagram represents the sales pattern of all the Ice Cream parlors in Mumbai including Ice Age Ice Cream Parlor after one year from the launch of Ice Age Ltd (Estimated)Environment AnalysisHigh initial launc h costThere is a boastfully front-ended investment made in new products including cost of product development, market look, test marketing and most importantly its launch. To create awareness and develop franchise for a new brand requires enormous initial use of goods and services is required on launch advertisements, free samples and product promotions. Launch cost are as high as 50-100% of revenue in the first year and these costs progressively reduce as the brand matures, gains consumer word sense and turnover rises. For established brands, advertisement expenditure varies from 5 12% depending on the categories. It is common to give occasional push by re-launches, which involves repositioning of brands with plentiful marketing support.Market researchCustomers purchase decisions are based on perceptions about brands. They also keep on changing with fashion, income and changes in lifestyle. dissimilar industrial products, it is difficult to signalise products on technical or operational grounds. With increasing competition, companies spend enormous sums on product launches. Market research and test marketing become inevitable. The business rests on the two aspects that are brand equity and distribution network.Marketing drivenIn carnal knowledge terms, marketing function has greater importance in the Ice Cream industry. The players have to reach out to mass population and compete with some(prenominal) other brands. The perceived differences are greater than the real differences in the product. sucker equityBrand equity refers to the intangible asset in the form of brand names. The consumers loyalty for a particular brand is due to the perception that the product has distinctively superior and consistent quality, satisfies his/ her specific needs and provides better value for money than other competing brands. A successful brand generates strong cash flow which enables the owner of the brand to reinvest a part of it in the form of aggressive advertis ement/ promotion to reinforce the perceived transcendence of the brand. The worth of a brand is manifested in the consumers insistence on a particular brand or willingness to pay a price premium for the preferred brand.Distribution networkIn this sector, one of the most critical success factors is the ability to build, develop, and maintain a robust distribution network. approachability near the customer is vital for wider penetration as most products are high value products. It takes enormous time and effort to build a chain of stockiest, retailers dealers etc and establish their loyalties. There are entry barriers for a new entrant as a new product is typically slow moving and has lesser consumer demand. Therefore dealers/ retailers are reluctant to allocate resources and time. open up players use their clout to inhibit new entrants. However, when a product offers a strong breakthrough, equity build up rapidly and so does the distribution network.The major problems faced while marketing in the Indian marketUnderdeveloped People and Underdeveloped MarketsThe number of people below need line has not decreased in any appreciable manner. Thus underdeveloped people and consequently underdeveloped market by and large characterize the Indian markets.Many Languages and DialectsThe number of languages and dialects vary widely from state to state, region to region and probably from district to district. The messages have to be delivered in the local languages and dialects. Even though the numbers of recognized languages are only 16, the dialects are estimated to be around 850.Prevalence of spurious brands and seasonal demand For any branded product there are a muckle of local variants, which are cheaper, and, therefore, more desirable to mass.Different way of thinking There is a vast difference in the lifestyles of the people. The kind of choices of brands that an urban customer enjoys is different from the choices available to the rural customer. The rural cus tomer unremarkably has 2 or 3 brands to choose from whereas the urban one has ninefold choices. The difference is also in the way of thinking. The rural customer has a fairly simple thinking as compared to the urban counterpart.Marketing Strategies preeminenceTheconcept is to make the product different from those of its competitor. When we look at the Indian Ice Cream market we see that the leaders naturals have forever maintained its market leadership by constantly differentiating on the basis of new flavors.And coming up with line extensions with regular frequency. The only choice for Ice Age Ltd. to survive in this industry will be to differentiate itself. This differentiation could be on the basis of the marketing mix. (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) Thus, as per the different factors of marketing mix 4 Different strategies are made to market in the developing cities in India.Target MarketIce Age the healthy ice cream parlor offers a wide range of sugar free and fat free ice creams. The ice creams are specially made keeping in mind all the health conscious people as well as youth and people who suffer from illness like diabetes.Ice Age is a healthy ice cream parlor which targets the higher middle class and rich class of the society.Due to the variety of flavors and the specialty of being sugar free and fat free makes the Ice Age Ice Creams more popular among the fitness and health conscious people.Ice Age targets the market where people are ready to buy healthy junk food due to their taste buds and the fact that Ice Age Ice Creams are totally fat free and sugar free with the same airplane pilot taste.Hence Ice Age Ice Creams targets the market where people from age group 1 year to 80 years can enjoy their favorite ice cream keeping in mind health conscious people, diabetic people, young people, etcSegmentationSegmentation variablesSeveral variables differentiate consumers who prefer different kinds ofDesserts, such as frequency of consumption, pric e sensitivity, relative importance of calories vs. taste, consumption occasion (at home, at work, at a complaisant event, during recreation or at a restaurant), and desired serving size. The two most important variables are probably price sensitivity and the taste-calorie tradeoff.The reason that price sensitivity is especially important is that some consumers will pay high prices for a product of high q

Greek Victory In The Persian Invasion

classic Victory In The Iranian InvasionThe Greek biography has been greatly influenced by the cont subverts in the midst of Greece and Persia. These strugglefares are considered to be the milestone in shaping up the history of Greece. For Greece, the warfare against Persia has been regarded as a significant feature by the Athenians as they remained politically and culturally asc shuttingant in this region and therefore understood the importance of fifth century, when close to onsets occurred, effectively.An important feature that played significant role in make the Greeks to win Iranian wars was that of their Unity against Persia. A nonher important reason includes the Ionian Revolt, and associated drive keystones. The dissatisfaction of the Greek cities were at the heart of the rise with the tyrants appointed by Persia to observe them, along with 2 Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus Aristagoras.Ionia had been conquered by Persia around 540 BC and was noticed by some of th e native tyrants that were nominated by the Persian satrap present in Sardis. In 499 BC, the tyrant of Miletus and Aristagoras with the Persian Satrap Artaphernes launched an expedition with the Persian satrap to conquer Naxos. This was make in the attempt to bolster his position. The mission became a debacle and with the veneration of removal as tyrant, Aristagoras decided to incite the unanimous of Ionia against the Persian major power Darius, into rebellion (Anderson 1991 20-26).The paper on Greek Unity enough for Persian invasion is an important topic that has been discussed in the historic literature thoroughly. The star and disciplines are the important concepts in the current reality that changes the world holy order and affect the nations motivation take aim for fighting back with their enemies. The Greeks were divided in several(prenominal) classes during the clock time when attacked by the Persian pudding stone. As the War of Persia was fought in fifth century, t here was strong hold of Persia all over the world having number of states in their control, it was never thought that the symmetry of Greeks would bring hurriedness of the Persian Empire by merely gathering into a group. This spick-and-span world order that came into existence by and by the downfall of Persian Empire not only affected the population of Greece but also the whole world thereby introducing new strategies of fighting and phalanx commands along with several other changes (Nicole, 1986).The renowned struggles of Persia were however fought on the visit of Greece but they started taking place from the minor region of Asia. It was a time when the colonies of Greeks in Ionia rebelled against the lords of the Persia. This rebellion was by and by on known as the revolt of Ionia that lasted among 494 and 499 B.C. The revolt was mainly initiated when rebel controlled by the leaders of Aristagoras of Miletus, burned and sacked the local city of Sardis due to several rea sons. However it was ended when there with retook of Miletus by the Persian Empire that crushed the stronghold of rebel that is later the battle of Lade (Armstrong 1990 24-27).The war of Ionian Revolt for the archetypal time was between 499 and 449 B.C. However the turn war that was fought among the Persian wars was fought under the period of Darius that was the time of 490 B.C. Similarly, the third Persian invasion took place under the Xerxes that is the period between 481 and 479 B.C. From the period 479 till 450 B.C., the aftermath of the Persian war was concluded and apiece state had experienced particular observations about the battle. During all this time, the Unity among Greeks was the most important feature that was experienced by the warriors during the battle (Boardman, 1978).Since the end of the Persian Wars, the Greek city never ceased to compete, except duringshort truces during which they reconstitute the forces, after which hostilities resumed. It was during one o f these truces that the Athenians had engaged in expeditions against the Persians. Its expansionist policy had crystallized capital of Greece hatred of cities often already ill-disposed towards him, for his brutality she had alienated many allies. In these clashes, in his expeditions, she lost a lot of men, resources dwindled. In 446, at the end of the truce which was discussed above, the Peloponnesians invaded Attica, Pericles decided that the new leader of business, enter into an agreement with Sparta, after which the two cities pledged to refrain from using force to settle disputes (Anderson 1991 20-26). .fifteen years later began the Peloponnesian War with Athens went completely ruined. It is not our intention here to identify the immediate causes of the war and the events of this conflict of paramount importance in the history of Greece. We will retain events than those which are mixed Persians. They played a role in recent years, from 412. It is true that the war took place far away from home and their area of influence (Anderson 1991 20-26).The Ionian revolt that took place during the period 493 and 499 B.C. was the reason that started the Persian War later on. The worth of the Greece and its warrior was turn up when the city states of the Athens quarreled constantly and that the disgust of their commencement ceremony invasion shook the Persia however it was a period when the fear of Persian warriors was widespread. This whole situation improved the status of Greece and made its population to nourish advantage of it. Due to the first invasion of Greece that was the result of their genius, the confidence level of Athens was greatly boosted afterwards affecting the politics that was way antithetic before the war (Camp, 2001).Another important change that occurs was the way war was fought as it was in a completely different manner and scale. The Greece unity was proved to be more effective in case of the Persian invasion because they planned an att ack that was land based rather than attempting to declare sea invasion that is naval invasion. The plan that was made by Xerxes proved to be successful for the war that was mainly executed by having land attacks however they fought with naval invasion from the Persian side. The army used by both sides that is Greece and Persia was based on large fleets however Greece had supremacy in terms of Naval fleet that was a direct result of the second attack (Cadogan, 1980).To highlight the unity of Greeks and explain its importance in the invasion of Persia, it is important to highlight the perspective of Persian war. In the year 499 B.C., the rule of Persia was rebelled by some of the cities of Greek. Darius, the Persian king, therefore fought back the revolution thereby invaded Greece and punished the Athens for supporting unsuccessful revolt in the Ionia region. The first Persian invasion gets failed due to the destruction of Mount Athos from storm. However the second invasion was succ essfully won by the Greeks where the Athenians and allies beaten the Persians in the Battle of Marathon in the 490 B.C. It is the only battle in history of Greece that proved to be crucial because if the Athenians would have lost this war, they would have list under the Persians control thereby missing the opportunity of accomplishing artistic designs in the Greece (Bridges, Hall, Rhodes 2007 453).The war in Persia has been renowned due to several aspects that made the global world to realize the importance of unity in their work. For about two centuries (fifth and fourth BC. BC), the Persians to the Greeks represented the hereditary enemy, like the English and the Germans were successively for the french there not so long ago (Isocrates, Panegyric Lysias, Funeral Oration). Everyone more or less in mind the Persian wars initiated by Darius to down the whole of Greece in 490 (Marathon), then by his successor Xerxes in 480 (Salamis), and the triumph and destruction of the Persia n Empire (334-323) by Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, realizing the breathing in that had haunted so many minds since the victorious resistance to the invading bucolic avenge the evils that the Persians had done to Greece (Armstrong 1990 24-27).It can be concluded at the end of the paper that the Greece unity is of particular importance in the Persian war that made the Greeks to win it. The war against Persia has presented historical lessons with respect to the importance of having unity among nations that give rise to the development and other positive changes. The Persian war is therefore considered to be a remarkable battle that presented the supremacy of the military techniques used by the Greeks during the battle.It can also be concluded at the end of the paper that the Persian war itself presented some of the important historical lessons to learn for the countries that unity was the crucial factor behind fighting back with Persians.

Can Sikhism continue to exist without the Guru Granth Sahib? Essay exam

Can Sikhism continue to exist without the Guru Granth Sahib?The Guru Granth Sahib is the active living Guru of the Sikhs a long text with 1430 pages, compiled and composed during the period of Sikh gurus, from 1469 to 1708. A assembly of 5,894 hymns and 1430 pages, the Guru Granth Sahib describes the qualities of God and why you should meditate on Gods name. The hymns ar arranged into 31 ragas, which are musical groupings. Every copy of the Guru Granth Sahib has an like layout of pages. The Guru Granth Sahib was declared as Guru Gobind Singhs (1666-1708) successor, by himself. It is the holy scripture of the Sikhs and is regarded as the teachings of the ten Gurus, as well as treated like as a sovereign living Guru. The Guru Granth Sahib has a pivotal role in Sikh worship, as a source or guide of supplication and it in many ways defines Sikhism outlining all of the laws, rules and ideas of it. It is written in the Gurmukh script, in various dialects including Lehndi Punjabi, Braj Bhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit and Persian often merged under the broad statute title of Sant Bhasha. There are approximately 20 million followers universal of Sikhism, most of whom live in the Punjab province of India a state in the northwest of India. The 2001 census recorded 336,000 Sikhs living in the UK. In this attempt I am going to examine information surrounding the Guru, and I am going to analyse whether Sikhism could exist without it, and come to a completion that it could not. Firstly, I am going to look at the history of the Guru Granth Sahib. During the Guruship of Guru Nanak (1469-1539) collections of his hymns were compiled and send to Sikh communities for use in worship. Guru Nanak wrote 974 published hymns. His successor, Guru Anga... ... a guide or leader, it is Sikhism. It embodies every aspect of it and contains the teachings of those who created Sikhism and lead it. So, in a nutshell, the Guru Granth Sahib is the gateway to Sikhism and the morality could not exist or function without it. Works Citedhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahibhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/god/sikhrevelationrev3.shtmlhttp//www.sikhs.org/art11.htmhttp//esikhs.com/http//www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1162_sikhs/sikhism/sikhism.htmhttp//sikhism.about.com/od/gurugranthsahib/p/Guru_Granth.htmhttp//www.time4truth.com/sikhism.htmhttp//atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/sikh/blfaq_sikh_india.htmhttp//www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikhism-articles/sikhism-and-contemporary-problems-of-religious-philosophyhttp//www.alislam.org/egazette/updates/sri-guru-granth-sahib-a-brief-history/

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development Essay example -- Enviro

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development excessive land use and urban development be a problem, because it causes contamination and it robs animals of their homes. When man extends his boundaries into nature, nature has no choice but to go someplace else. Expansion and population are the cause of this environmental problem. I externalise to unbending a standard for land development for every city. In that I also propose that each city should impose a set number of persons to live in that city. Each city must impose stricter guidelines for waste management. Finally I propose that the city set limits for development, and expansion. Land development causes danger to the environment by polluting the air and disrupting geologic and animal status. Air pollution is a big problem with urban life. Large cities have the characteristic of having polluted skies. The Environmental Protection elbow room passed an act, through legislation, called the Clean Air Act. The CAA set standar ds for all cities (Environmental Politics and Policies, 195). virtually of these cities that do not meet such standards include Los Angels, New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Houston. These limits are called National Ambient Air Quality Standards (189). The NAAQS sets a limit on the amount of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, Air born Particulates, nitrogenoxides, lead, and sulfur oxides, and Ozone in the cities air. such(prenominal) standards apply for 7 (192). The definition for Ozone A strong oxidizing agent with disinfecting properties interchangeable to chlorine also used in odor control and droppings processing (Environmental Engineering, 219). Ozone is present in the high atmosphere, but at put down levels can be one of the most harmful gases on priming coat (Our Poison... ...constantly influenced by their social ruling. We dont have except this mien of living, there needs to be a change. We need to prepare for the future, and scavenge what we still have. We hav e to, before its all gone. Works Cited 1.) beyond the numbers Edited by Laurie Ann Mazur Published by Island Press, Washington DC 1994 2.) Environmental Politics and Policy Written by Walter A. Rosenbaum Published by Congressional Quarterly 1998 3.) Our poisoned Sky Written by Edward F. Dolan Published by Cobblehill books 1991 4.) Endangered Environments Written by James Colgney Published by orchard apple tree Tree Inc. 1994 5.) Dennis Plunkett (American Reality, Phoenix Az) Interviewed 11-14-98 6.)U.S. Census Bureau (WWW.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) 7.)Q and As About Land Fills (WWW.awma.org/awma/educate/outreach/landfill.html)

Divorce: A Global Problem Essay -- Informative Essay

In any married agrees relationships thither argon going to be propagation when their relationship is put to the test. Some couples make it through their relationships without any and sleep together the rest of their lives happily married, but most stomach not learn their problems and be forced to get a divorce. Couples marry with the intent of staying together for the rest of their lives, but unfortunately that is not the case for many unitings. In fact, more than 50% of married couples end up getting a divorce. Divorce is the dissolution of marriage by a court. Since the married couple is getting a divorce they do not only fuddle to handle the stress of the divorce, but also the financial problems it brings. Divorce affects everyone otherwise, and on that point are many different types and laws that influence divorce. Divorce is looked at differently by every state. Not all of the states have the same laws for divorce. in that respect are two ways that states look at divorce they are called community property and equitable distribution. Community property. This is when all property that was bought during the marriage is owned by both people involved in the divorce, and there are many states that look at divorce like this. The states are Arizona, California, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas, Idaho, crude Mexico, Wisconsin, and Washington. The community property rule does not count inheritances or gifts the couple received during the marriage. People facing divorce sometimes do not get what they deserve, because they are anxious to get it over with, or they hope to reconcile and do not want to alienate their spouse, or they want to get back at their spouse for real or imagined wrongs (Fowles 5). The other way that states divide up the married couples possessions... ... people emotionally, financially, and it can be very stressful for anyone to handle. The laws nearly divorce can be very confusing and if the couples do not know their way around the laws. They could end up spending a lot more on the divorce than they needed to.Annotated bibliographyBeech, Hannah. Breaking Up is Easy to do. Time creation Magazine. Time, 30 Oct. 2006.Web. 17 Oct. 2011.Dantonio, William. Walking the Walk on Family Values. capital of Massachusetts News. The Boston Globe, 31 Oct. 2004. Web. 17 Oct. 2011.Didi, Tatlow. Chinese Law Could Make Divorce Women Homeless. The New York Times. The New York Times, 7 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.Divorce Staff. Divorce Law and legal separation Advice. Free Divorce Information. 2011. Web. 14 Oct. 2011.Flowers, Deborah. Dealing With the Financial Impact of Divorce. About.com. About.com, 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2011.

On Writing in America: The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean Howells :: Essays Papers

On Writing in America The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean HowellsUpon hear of an event which has induce known as The Haymarket Incident, a violent extravasation that involved strikers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company on whitethorn 4, 1886, William Dean Howells felt provoked to respond.1 Whatever personal motives this highly publicize incident sparked in Howells, who was successful novelist and influential critic of the literature and brotherly issues of his time, the strike and subsequent executions of seven of the protesters involved had a trenchant rear on this respected man of earns. Howells illustrated his remorse for what he understood as a profound legal injustice in a letter he wrote to a friend shortly before the hanging of the Haymarket protesters It blackens my life. I feel the horror and the shame of the crime which the law is about to kick in against justice.2 Howells assertions in regard to the case were at the time fundament and not widely supported they contradicted the views of the majority of the American media, who chose to back giant business and to disregard details that to Howells marked the trial as corrupt. Howells views challenged a general sentiment in the press against working class protesters, who, worry the workers involved in the Haymarket Incident, demanded certain rights in the workplace and proposed an eight-hour work day.3 It had become a trend in the media to back the employers rather than the employed, in the pass water of the free market, before the Haymarket riots. For example, several years before the incident at Haymarket, the Chicago Tribune had characterized a group of railroad workers involved in a similar incident as the scum and filth of the city. Three days later, commenting on the organizers of the same uprising, the Tribune contended that Capitalism would offer any sum to light upon the leaders...strung up to a telegraph pole.4 Howells was known for his radical semipolitic al views, views which often questioned the effectiveness of a capitalist society, and it is not surprising that he subsequently supported the Haymarket laborers. Howells socialistic views no doubt sprung in better from his readings of Tolstoy, especially from the Russian novelists writings on the notion of Christian Socialism. Howells erstwhile wrote, Tolstoi sic gave me the heart to hope that the world may yet be do over in the image of Him who died for it,...(that) men shall come into their own,.

A CHRISTMAS CAROL (BY CHARLES DICKENS) :: English Literature

A CHRISTMAS CAROL (BY CHARLES DICKENS)By Close Analysis of Staves One and Five Show How hellion Portraysthe fault of Scrooge and To What EffectIn December 1843, Charles Dickens wrote and published A ChristmasCarol. He published this book when he needed money he needed moneybadly because he was in debt. He resolute to link it to things that arehappening that Christmas was not taken seriously, it was fading prohibitedand ghost traditional Christmas tales. Dickens utilize the genre of ghoststories, just Dickens did something unusual, he changed the fact thatghost stories are meant to be frightening, in this book, the ghoststories were scary.In 1843 (ancient times), there were no security, pensions, nationalhealth nor positive education. You were expected to take shape six days aweek and on Sunday, you go to church (only if you had a job). Thosewho had no job couldnt go to church, because they were probably inprison or stimulatehouse. There were no holidays, you had to work on B oxingDay, and if you ended up in debt, you would be typeset in debt prison.Dickens grew up in this prison with his dad, he started work at theage of 12 (it was a terrible work).Looking at the Book, it was almost ghosts, and ghost stories werealways told during Christmas. Books were always in chapters, butDickens wrote his in rungs musical notes. Dickens starts to compare,first, looking at the full title, A Christmas Carol in prose, tohave a carol in prose essence a contradiction (to speak against). Thebook written in staves, which is a music stave, is alreadycontradicting the title. In the preface, he uses another contradiction(repeat) we impart also be looking at jokes and humours.Stave1 Marleys GhostMarley was utter to begin with this is a contradiction we alreadybegin to make assumptions about the story. Stave1, beginning with anegative statement Marley was dead.......... (A quick reference tostave 5), and stave 5 a positive statement Yes with anexclamation mark, demonstra te that there is an excitement there, even inthe first paragraph. Dickens uses repetition in the first paragraph ofstave 1 clergyman and clerk, mortician and chief mourner, andScrooge was also emphasised twice. He uses a simile Old Marley wasdead as a door nail, he was being humorous in the book he explainswhy he used it, but we figured out that Dickens uses these to slow bug out the pace and change the atmosphere, this was meant to befunny (in1843), he used this to divert peoples attention from the