5 Effective Ways of How to Write an Essay in One Night

If you are reading this article, chances are, you are in trouble. Perhaps, you have been procrastinating until the very last minute, or were buried deep under other work, or werent able to dedicate your time fully to your writing for some other purpose. The outcome is the same you are supposed to hand your research paper in tomorrow, and you are still at square one. You have just one night to begin and complete the essay, so what are you going to do? One thing is for sure you are not getting any sleep tonight. As for all the rest, we are going to cover it in this article. How to Write a Research Paper in One Night If you have an urgent assignment due the tomorrow morning, you will have to work for the whole night. When writing a paper in one night, you will be pressed not just by the lack of time, but by exhaustion and sleepiness as well. All this means that you should pay extra attention not just to the actual writing techniques, but to how you organize the very writing process as well. Stock up on healthy snacks for studying. You are going to need some energy to keep you going through the night. Being distracted by hunger isnt very conducive for the efficient work. At the same time, it isnt the best idea to take long breaks to have a full-fledged meal, so snacks are the way to go. Nuts are especially recommended they give plenty of energy without causing a sugar rush that may leave you exhausted after it passes; Use the power of caffeine. Whether you like coffee and energy drinks, you need them to keep you awake and aware throughout the night. So get a lot of it. Just make sure to be careful drinking concentrated energy drinks and dont mix them with prescription drugs; Take breaks. It may seem counterintuitive when you need to get a job done as fast as possible, but experience shows us that occasional short breaks more than compensate for the time you lose on them. The longer you work, the less efficiently your brain functions. There comes a time when you simply stare at the screen, unable to think about another word to type. Short breaks (preferably combined with bouts of physical exercise) wont restore your brain to full capacity, but they will still recharge you a little bit and make it easier to go on; Keep yourself hydrated. Water is essential for proper functioning of the brain and your energy levels, and caffeinated drinks cannot serve as a replacement. So, get a bottle of water and keep it close at hand; Make sure you dont get distracted. Writing at night has its benefits, as most people are asleep, and there are fewer things in your immediate vicinity to call for your attention. Nevertheless, you should take care to eliminate all the potential distractions, especially those that you know are attractive for you. Turn off your smartphone, disable notifications in social media and email. Even better, use some blocking software like RescueTime to prevent yourself from visiting your favorite websites you are going to work using the Internet, so these are especially dangerous for your concentration. 5 Preparation Tips to Follow at Night You have to submit your paper in the morning. This means that you have a very limited amount of time to complete your job. Each minute has to be used to the fullest. This means that some preparation is in order if you just plunge into writing, at the very best, your paper will be unreadable. At worst, you wont be able to finish it on time at all. Brace yourself for the worst. If youve done absolutely no reading on the subject matter of your paper, consider accepting the fact that you wont be able to hand the paper in tomorrow. Contact your instructor and inform them that your paper will be late. In many ways, it is preferable to simply not handing it in because you werent able to complete the job on time. Another alternative is to submit a poorly written paper because it is very likely to be the only thing you can churn out in just 1 night. It is not the end of the world, nor it is an easy way out it is just a way of cutting your losses when you still have time to do it with dignity; Plan your time. As you have very little time, you have to use it to the maximum efficiency. To do so, you have to prepare a plan and stick to it. If you simply sit down and get to work, you will not be able to track your progress and see that, for example, you are taking too long at a certain stage and wont be able to finish on time if you continue in this fashion. Break your time into 30-minute intervals and evaluate how much of if you need for each task. Try to have at least an hour unassigned to anything because some steps will inevitably take longer than planned. Take your time reading the prompt. You are in a hurry, but not reading the prompt attentively can lead to catastrophic results you may miss some important details (like the need to use a certain number of sources) or misunderstand the question entirely. It is unpleasant enough in normal circumstances, but right now, you cannot afford to find out that the essay youve just finished was written using a wrong prompt. Ideally, you should write down the main points of the prompt in your own words so that you can refer to them later on this way, you can be sure youve understood everything correctly; Make sure you understand the style and formatting guidelines. Be too quick to read them, and you may realize too late that youve gotten things wrong and had to single space your paper and now you have to write as much as youve already done, but there is no time to do so; Take notes from reliable sources. If youve done some reading and have at least a basic acquaintance with the topic, organize the books and sources you have. Skim over them and make notes, marking down fragments you want to cite. 6 Writing Tips to Prepare a Well-Written Paper Writing an urgent paper isnt much different from writing when you have all the time in the world you just have to work fast and dont have the right to make any mistakes. This means that you should carefully divide your work into stages and avoid dispersing your attention. Do one thing at a time, never getting distracted either by things outside your job or by other stages. #1. Dont even consider plagiarizing. We live in times when even middle school English teachers use plagiarism checkers when looking through the works of their students. In most cases, plagiarism is immediately obvious even without specialized software, but even if it isnt, any checker will immediately spot your attempt at copy/paste. You will get caught and some consequences of plagiarism are possible. At the very best, it will get on your record. At worst, you will be expelled; #2. Think about a thesis statement. This is a key to any successful paper. Without a clear, concise and definite thesis statement, an assignment risks turning out to be weak, unfocused, and vague. Think about the main argument you make in your paper and try to formulate it in a single sentence. If you have problems doing this, it means that you havent fully understood what is required of you. Therefore, you have to spend some time clarifying your point. After you manage to create a thesis statement, write it down on a separate sheet of paper. Keep it in front of you at all times so that you dont stray away from your primary topic; #3. Do a short brainstorming session. Write down any ideas that can help you support your argument. This is a good time to start marking down the quotes and references you are going to make. Write down everything that comes into your head dont try to separate good ideas from bad ones at this point, you dont have to use everything you come up with right now; #4. Prepare an outline, i.e., a detailed plan for your paper. It should include, in short form, everything you intend to write in every part of your essay: how you introduce the topic, your thesis statement, points to be mentioned in each paragraph along with the accompanying supporting evidence, how you want to sum things up in the conclusion, and so on. A well-written outline means that when it comes to writing per se, you will simply have to elaborate on each point to get a full-fledged paper; #5. Be concise. Whether you have a word count to fill in or not, padding your text wont help you. If you simply have to drive your point home, you dont have time for long-winded phrases. If you have to achieve a certain word count, your instructor will immediately spot your attempts at bloating your paper with filler, which can lead to a worse grade than you can receive if you write your college assignment properly. Short and simple sentences arent a sign of low intelligence if you successfully express your thoughts, it is the sign of thinking that cuts to the chase and eliminates unnecessary details; #6. Proofread. Dont treat proofreading as something that you will do if you have some time and energy left after youve finished with the real work. Proofreading is just as a real work as gathering sources and writing, especially if you write in such a hurry. When you have a few hours to complete a paper, you are bound to make mistakes that can seriously decrease your chances of getting a good grade. Ideally, you should let your paper lie a little bit before you start proofreading it. Obviously, this is not the situation when it is possible, so use whatever time is left to do it. Check your formatting for compliance with college guidelines and your assigned formatting style. Check your style if you find colloquialisms, jargon or slang, eliminate it. Avoid passive voice in most cases, it makes speech lifeless and hard to read. We hope these tips will help you deal with your situation right now and emerge from this crisis with flying colors. And perhaps, the memory of this experience will be enough to prevent you from procrastinating the next time you have to write an important assignment!

Free Essays on Comparing And Competing

When I was in elementary school, our classes would compete in sales of Christmas cards as a fundraiser for various equipment and supplies. The winning class received an ice cream party, and the student acquiring the most sales won a special award. Being quite competitive, I found myself challenged by a boy in another classroom. I worked very hard making phone calls to all my relatives, knocking on doors in my neighborhood, and even begging for sales at my church. â€Å"Marco’s† family, however, was affluent, and she didn’t have to exert much effort selling his cards. His parents just purchased the whole case of cards and that was the end of that. I took this as a personal affront and I began to compare myself to him and my family to his. The next year, the big finale was a history contest in the library that showcased on the final contestants: Marco and me. I had great hopes that our class would win. Then I learned that Marco knew that father of Alexander the Great had only one eye and I had missed that. His intelligence loomed before me, merging with my already tainted image of his perfect little self and â€Å"financially privileged† family (as I thought of them). As for me, I had become frustrated, discouraged, and depressed with the faulty images of my life I had accepted. I was uncertain about my future and whether or not I would ever amount to anything of value to anyone. I had worked so hard to win approval- to be like Marco- but I had failed, at least in my own heart. I just didn’t measure up to my own expectations. If I couldn’t be like him, then who was I? Out of desperation I shared my struggles with my grandmother, Zorka. She told me that I did not have to be like anyone else on earth; that she loved me for who I was. She, also, said not to limit my possibilities by what I see in someone else's life or what others expect of me. The anger and bitterness began to melt away Gradually; I let go of compar... Free Essays on Comparing And Competing Free Essays on Comparing And Competing When I was in elementary school, our classes would compete in sales of Christmas cards as a fundraiser for various equipment and supplies. The winning class received an ice cream party, and the student acquiring the most sales won a special award. Being quite competitive, I found myself challenged by a boy in another classroom. I worked very hard making phone calls to all my relatives, knocking on doors in my neighborhood, and even begging for sales at my church. â€Å"Marco’s† family, however, was affluent, and she didn’t have to exert much effort selling his cards. His parents just purchased the whole case of cards and that was the end of that. I took this as a personal affront and I began to compare myself to him and my family to his. The next year, the big finale was a history contest in the library that showcased on the final contestants: Marco and me. I had great hopes that our class would win. Then I learned that Marco knew that father of Alexander the Great had only one eye and I had missed that. His intelligence loomed before me, merging with my already tainted image of his perfect little self and â€Å"financially privileged† family (as I thought of them). As for me, I had become frustrated, discouraged, and depressed with the faulty images of my life I had accepted. I was uncertain about my future and whether or not I would ever amount to anything of value to anyone. I had worked so hard to win approval- to be like Marco- but I had failed, at least in my own heart. I just didn’t measure up to my own expectations. If I couldn’t be like him, then who was I? Out of desperation I shared my struggles with my grandmother, Zorka. She told me that I did not have to be like anyone else on earth; that she loved me for who I was. She, also, said not to limit my possibilities by what I see in someone else's life or what others expect of me. The anger and bitterness began to melt away Gradually; I let go of compar...

Reply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reply - Essay Example In fact, firms and museums usually experience mismanagement of their resources, which mostly leads to collapse of the organizations. Apart from competing for limited resources, both institutions always aim at making profits. In this case, both the firm and museums tend to utilize monetary and natural resources in ensuring that their businesses make profit. The fact that both institutions aim at making profit, it therefore means that they are always attracting new clients hence depending on them for survival. Without visitors and clients, both institutions remain non-operational. The visitors in this case help in granting funding and operations in both institutions. In simple terms, firms and museums always strive to survive in their markets. In fact, innovations remain important to both institutions. Additionally, both institutions have various laws and constitutions which tend to govern them during their operations. To achieve their objectives, both institutions always have specific management types. Lastly, both institutions also have various cultures, which help in attracting their niche customers. In fact, th eir cultures help in allowing both institutions in making valuable profits hence meeting their client’s

Israeli Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israeli Sovereignty - Essay Example in Palestine was estimated to be around 590,000 as compared to approximately 1,320,000 Palestinians, making the Jews equal approximately 31 percent of the total population (Kjeilen, 2006). The Arab nations voiced immediate opposition to the UN’s 1947 plan, joined soon after Israel’s foundation by Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, in a struggle that continues to this day. At the opening ceremony of the Syrian-Israeli peace talks on December 11, 2000, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk al-Shara stated, â€Å"It goes without saying that peace for Syria means the return of all its occupied land. Those who reject to return the occupied territories to their original owners in the framework of international legitimacy send a message to the Arabs that the conflict between Israel and Arabs is a conflict of existence in which bloodshed can never stop.† The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz, at the 2002 Arab League summit in Beirut, said, â€Å"I propose that the Arab summit put forward a clear and unanimous initiative addressed to the United Nations Security Council based on two basic issues: normal relations and security for Israel in exchange for full withdrawal from all occupied Arab territories.† Irans Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi, in a September 21, 2002 Washington Post interview entitled â€Å"The War and Iran,† stated â€Å"We do not recognize Israel as a government. We believe that eventually Palestinian refugees have to return to their homeland† (Israeli-Palestinian Pro-Con 2004). Since the state was founded, much of the world’s population, including opinion in the Israel-friendly United States, has become opposed the existence of Israel as an independent state. In the U.S., from Boston to San Francisco, people openly espouse this belief. â€Å"No country has a right to exist, certainly not one that was founded through the destruction of another country. Was Palestine ever afforded a right to exist?† claims a San Franciscan

Business Analysis Tools Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Business Analysis Tools - Dissertation Example It involves integration, summarization, and abstraction as well as ratios, trends, and allocations.† It entails extrapolating useful data from huge knowledge repositories that deal with trends, allocations, ratios, integration, summarization, and abstractions. It involves comparing and resolving generalizations based on information to model-based suppositions. Business Intelligence deals with innovative thinking that data enhances and the measurement of the innovative notions that the organization initiates. It pertains to using data well, knowing how to measure it, and extracting information from its models. Business intelligence operates as a continuous pool of data analysis and decision-making enhancement. Its framework comprises conflict resolution, access models, data collection, dimensional structuring, model verification, predictive models, data synthesis, access processes, knowledge sharing, intuitive representations, prescriptions, resource strategies, decision impleme ntation, and scenario analysis (Rao, 2000, p. 517). Rajteric (2010) cites the definition of Howard Dresner, who described it as â€Å"concepts and methodologies for improvement of business decisions using facts and information from supporting systems.† (p. 47). The author cites those definitions of Azvine and Wells, which stress the ability of organizations to attain business objectives and effectiveness: â€Å"Business Intelligence is all about capturing, accessing, understanding, analyzing and converting one of the fundamental and most precious assets of the company, represented by the raw data, into active information in order to improve business† (p. 47); Wells’ meaning of â€Å"Business Intelligence is the capability of the organization or company to explain,... In reviewing the literature, many definitions of Business Intelligence exist. Rao offers an excellent definition of Business Intelligence: â€Å"Business Intelligence (BI) is about synthesizing useful knowledge from large datasets. It involves integration, summarization, and abstraction as well as ratios, trends, and allocations.† It entails extrapolating useful data from huge knowledge repositories that deal with trends, allocations, ratios, integration, summarization. It involves comparing and resolving generalizations based on information to model-based suppositions. Business Intelligence deals with innovative thinking that data enhances and the measurement of the innovative notions that the organization initiates. It pertains to using data well, knowing how to measure it, and extracting information from its models. Business intelligence operates as a continuous pool of data analysis and decision-making enhancement. Its framework comprises conflict resolution, access models , data collection, dimensional structuring, model verification, predictive models, data synthesis, access processes, knowledge sharing, intuitive representations, prescriptions, resource strategies, decision implementation, and scenario analysis.In other literature review, Sell et al (2011) define Business Intelligence (BI) as the incorporation of a pattern of tools to sustain the conversion of data into information in enhancing decision making. In addition, organizations utilize BI to study data for their needs.

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context This single treatise on the Science of Politics has been prepared mostly by bringing together the teaching of as many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of earth. Indian strategic thought in modern times is more often than not submerged in the western thought processes. Allusions to Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz and more recently the treatise on Unrestricted Warfare by the two Chinese colonels is recurrent in the writings on theories of international relations and warfare, mostly crafted by the developed countries. Orations on political science consider the idea of the state as an European phenomena. Lessons on political theory and political philosophy confine to the Greek Trinity of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and stay within the Western World. Modern India, at times, seems to flounder in its responses to these thought processes. India, a nation, which bequeathed Zero to the world, is justifiably determined not to be reduced to a nonentity in the international arena. As it marches firmly into the 21st Century, it would do the nation a world of good, if it pauses, and looks back hard, at the rich strategic and military heritage of its own, stretching back to more than two and a half millennium of recorded history. Significant amongst them would be Kautilyas Arthashastra a cornucopia of economic, political, diplomatic, administrative, military and strategic perspicacity. Many of the aspects of a State that the Westphalian system incorporates in 1648, were already done by the Kautilyan State in 300 BC. India, it seems, has unfortunately turned its back on its rich heritage. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya predestined to be relegated to the dustbins of history or ordained to a few convenient quotations? Can we be justifiably proud of his astuteness or flinch at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead so as to render his teachings to be extraneous? Do we need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the mind, as one occasionally picks up and glimpses through the Kautilyas Arthashastra. Hypothesis. With the above background, the following hypothesis has been formulated:- The timeless nature of Kautilyas teachings has significant relevance, both in the present and foreseeable future, for the conduct of foreign policy and warfare in the Indian context. Statement of the Problem. To prove the line of argument mentioned in the hypothesis, statement of the problem of the dissertation is as delineated below. To study the salient teachings of Kautilya and analyse their relevance, with respect to foreign affairs and warfare, in the Indian context, in the present and foreseeable future. Justification of the Study. Kautilya or Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta has had a reverential fascination for the Indian students of warfare. For many Indians, brought up in the Sino-Indian rivalry, subconsciously, he has been Indias answer to Chinas Sun Tzu (544 BC-496 BC) their nearly contemporaneous lives furthering their comparisons. However, unfortunately, the Indian Army has never institutionalized the study of Kautilya and his famous treatise Arthashastra. Promotion exams have never deemed it fit to cast a glance at the man and his work while seriously lapping up lesser mortals. But for a research project or a dissertation once in a couple of years, the neglect has been deafening. Stray quotes, often without the benefit of a serious study, do embellish individual speakers talks/presentations. Various seminars such as the Indian Art of warfare by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) in 2008, One Hundred Years of Kautilyas Arthashastra by the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and a Worksho p on Kautilya by the IDSA on the 18 Oct 2012 have been held, however, no serious effort has been made to make Kautilyan Arthashastra a mandatory part of the curriculum in Indian Army. To be honest among ourselves, much of what passes for strategic thinking in India today is derivative, using concepts, doctrines and a vocabulary derived from other cultures, times, places and conditions. This is why, with a few honorable exceptions like the home-grown nuclear doctrine, it fails to serve our needs, impact policy, or to find a place in domestic and international discourse  [2]  . By reading Kautilya (and other texts like the Shantiparva of the Mahabharata) one is reminded of the rich experience in our tradition of multipolarity, of asymmetries in the distribution of power, of debate on the purposes of power (where dharma is defined), of the utility of force, and of several other issues with contemporary resonance. In many ways it is Indias historical experience of poly-centric multi-state systems, plurality, and of the omni-directional diplomacy and relativistic statecraft that it produced, which is closer to the world we see today. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya ordained to be consigned to the dustbins of history or relegated (as he is at present) to a few convenient quotations? Can one be justifiably proud of his teachings or cringe at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead to render his teachings irrelevant? Do we still need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the minds as one occasionally picks up / glances through Kautilyas Arthashastra. It is interesting to note that many other antagonist countries neighbouring India, have studied Kautilyan theories in greater detail than we have, only to use Kautilyan model to contain and degrade Delhis power. The study is believed to be a part of the curriculum in the Defence Services Staff College at Quetta. The study of Kautilyas Arthashastra has to be annealed by the realism that the world has definitely moved on, especially since the Industrial and Informational Ages. The more significant of the changes include:- Nation-States have emerged since the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 and have replaced monarchies. Democracy has spread its roots wide and deep and a more egalitarian society is on the upswing, albeit with glaring exceptions. The idea of war as the preferred option to settle disputes has been largely replaced by war as the frowned upon option in international forum with deterrence being the buzzword. Economics and trade in an progressively globalised and symbiotic world have become major thespians in the arena of international relations. Multi National Corporations (MNC) has grown in stature, power and influence. Religion as a factor has gained disproportionately greater prominence in international relations. Terrorism and fourth generation warfare have begun to alter the fundamental rules of warfare. Scales of destruction wrought by nuclear and conventional weapons have increased by phenomenal multiples coupled with increased battlefield transparency, real time data transfer, precision strikes and communications. Human migration and the consequent influence positive and negative of diasporas have created subtle pressure points. Notwithstanding the dramatic transformation in the society and conduct of warfare and diplomacy, any serious student of warfare needs to study Kautilyas Arthashastra. But why? As practitioners of national security, to gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian military tradition. It is not only sufficient to lay claims as one of the worlds ancient civilizations, as military men, it is important to understand the military contribution to the growth of ancient Indian civilization. Certain aspects of warfare, international relations and internal security do not change and are timeless. Nation states are primarily driven by their national interests. Hence we must not fail to learn from the wealth of accumulated wisdom of centuries of yore since Those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it  [3]  . Although, we live in a world that is different from Kautilyas in terms of technology and experience, But human responses are still similar, as is the behaviour of the states that humans create and run. Human emotions, however rational and cool, are the basic drivers of policies and actions at all levels. Reading and understanding Kautilya helps us by broadening our vision on issues of strategy. To develop pride in Indian lineage of strategic thought. To reconnect with the rich Indian tradition of strategic thought and contribute to the evolution of our own strategic vocabulary and thought. The fact that the script of Arthashastra was discovered only in 1905 and was translated and published in 1914, gave it a delayed start over many other schools of thought. Moreover, India at the height of Non-violent Independence Struggle and Gandhian-Nehruvian- Buddhist ideology had no place for Kautilya Neeti with its strong streak of Realist School of Thought. Indians own lack of pride in Ancient Indian Civilization and the desire of the elite to read English, speak English, think English and behave English could have led to the marginalisation of Kautilyan thoughts. The difficulty in studying Kautilya and his times are due to the cartographic gaps, poor state and progression of maps and the controversies about the age and identity of the Kautilya himself. The contemplations about the age of the work vary between 4th century BCE and 3rd Century ACE. There are different views about the authorship of the ArathaShastra. One holds that Kautilya was a single person who wrote it by himself while the other claims it to be a compiled work by authors under the rubric of Kautilya. A few scholars find the traces of all strategies and diplomacy within the Arthashastra while others allege that its importance is magnified and overstated. English translations published, including those of foreign authors were serious scholarly studies. Even Penguins Kautilya, The Arthashastra, a mammoth classic of 868 pages authored by L N Rangarajan (LNR) and published in a simplified form in 1992, dissuaded many but the most ardent of the readers. Arthashastra remained out of reach for all but the serious scholars. However, to the credit of the scholars, both Indian and foreign, it must be well acknowledged, that they have done a monumental service in bringing Arthashastra to our doorsteps. The Indian defence forces immersed in their studies of military campaigns and principles of warfare propounded by Europeans and Americans have found little use (but for a few quotations here and there) for a man who was supposed to have penned his thoughts during the Mauryan Era. In fact, the Indian defence forces have largely been guilty of neglecting pre-independence home-grown military craft and strategic thought. We are afflicted with neglect of our pre-modern histories. Indias supposedly incoherent strategic approach is actually a colonial construct, as is the idea of Indians somehow forgetting their own history and needing to be taught it by Westerners who retrieved it to perpetuate colonial rule and, after independence, to induce self-doubt and a willingness to follow. Limitations and Certain Guidelines Followed The study is limited by the authors inability to understand Sanskrit, the language in which Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra. The research is hence based on English Translations of Kautilyas Arthashastra. Prof RP Kangles seminal three volume publication, The Kautilya Arthashastra, has been considered as the basis of research, supplemented by Prof LN Rangarajans 868 pages classic, Kautilya The Arthashastra, published by Penguin, Dr R. Shamasastry, the first discover and translator of manuscript of Kautilyas Arthashastra and other publications mentioned in the bibliography. The names Kautilya and Kautilya have been interchangeably used since different authors have used either or both the names. Mostly, the dissertation has endeavoured to use the name Kautilya. Scope. This study will begin with the Arthashastra itself with more detailed consideration to those portions that specifically deal with interstate relations and warfare. Although there is a substantial text related to the economic, political, administrative, judicial and strategic aspects of the state, they will not be discussed in this thesis. Methods of Data Collection The study is based on descriptive research. All the information for the study is gathered from various books available in the library and from the Internet. The following books have been consulted:- The Kautilya Arthashastra by RP Kangle (CDM Library). Kautilyan Arthashastra by MB Chande (CDM Library). Kautilya Arthashastra original translation by R. Shamasastry in 1915. (Internet Download http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.cfm). The First Great Political Realist : Kautilya and his Arthashastra by Roger Boesche (Recommended to be procured by CDM library USD 28). Layout The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter One deals with introducing the subject, hypothesis and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- Chapter 2 Introduction to Kautilya and his premier work the Arthashastra. Chapter 3 Essentials of Kautilyan teachings on foreign affairs and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 4 Kautilyan thoughts on conduct of warfare and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 5 Recommendations Conclusion. CHAPTER II KAUTILYA: THE MAN AND HIS WORK A PRIMER Introduction. Kautilya is well known in history as a kingmaker. He overthrew the last king of Nanda dynasty and placed the great Maurya Chandragupt on the throne and established him in Magadh. Magadh was the largest, richest, and most powerful kingdom in India in 300 BC. Kautilya was also known by other names such as Vishnugupt and Kautilya. There are various theories about origin of Kautilya. One theory is that he was a brahmin from Kerala who was in the court of Nanda King at Patliputra. Another states that he was a North Indian brahmin, born and educated at the famous town of Taxila who came to Patliputra to win laurels in philosophic disputations. Kautilya was known for his proficiency in the Vedas, skill in strategy, intrigue and also physical ugliness. There are various legends about the meeting of Kautilya and Chandragupt Maurya. Some say that Chandragupta was of a royal lineage and while he was shunted out from the Nanda Kingdom, saw a young Brahmin pouring sugar syrup on some grass so that the ants could eat up the grass which had cut his feet. Seeing the determination and perseverance of Kautilya, he asked him for help. Another story goes that the scholars of Patliputra recognising the genius in Kautilya had honoured him by making him president of a Sangha (Trust), which administered kings grants and charities. The king felt disgusted at the ugliness of Kautilya and developed contempt towards Kautilya. There was no refinement in the words and conduct of Kautilya. The king removed Kautilya from the post of the president, Kautilya vowed to uproot his dynasty. During his wanderings, he came across Chandragupta Maurya. He found Chandragupta and other boys playing in a field. In their games Chandragupta was always the king and other children brought their problems to him. Kautilya was impressed by the wisdom of the child and chose him to be the king. While it is not the purpose of this research paper to question the veracity of the the origin of Arthashastra, it is nevertheless necessary to briefly touch upon this subject with a larger aim in mind. Whatever may have been the true circumstances of their meeting, both needed each other. After Kautilya got Chandragupta educated at Taxila, together they set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. Jointly they succeeded in defeating the king and installing Chandragupta as the king. They expanded the empire and created a vast kingdom in the Indus valley and the Gangetic plains even destroying the Greek-Macedonian troops led by Alexander the Great and firmly established the Maurya Empire. Once the empire was established, Kautilya retired from active life and is believed to have written Arthashastra during that period around 320 BC. Scriptures say that it is more in upbringing that makes a man as compared to his genetic makeup or even the company he keeps. Therefore it is important to know the atmosphere in which a person was brought up to make out his essence. However, our ancient historians and writers were not well versed with keeping a very exhaustive record of their times. This becomes more evident in the case of Kautilya whose early life has not been recorded. However, almost all agree to the fact that Kautilya was born to a well read scholar who knew the importance of education. It is this background that needs to be examined in any objective study of Kautilya. Kautilya has been misunderstood by a lot of people, mainly the modern western scholars. He was fearless, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and kind and evil to schemers. His writings which clearly show his fearlessness in the pursuit of truth have been echoed over 2000 years later when Swami Vivekananda cried out, Arise, Awake, and Sleep not till the goal is reached. Probably the most accurate description of Kautilya can be found in Nehrus words in the Discovery of India, Kautilya has been called the Indian Machiavelli and to some extent the comparison is justified. But he was a much bigger person in every way, greater in intellect and reason. He was no mere follower of a king or a humble adviser of an all powerful emperor. He was bold and scheming, proud and revengeful, never forgetting a slight, never forgetting his purpose, availing himself of every device to delude and delude and defeat the enemy. He sat with the reins of empire in his hands and looked upon the emperor more as a loved pupil than as master. Simple and austere in life, uninterested in pomp and pageantry of high position, when he had redeemed his pledge and accomplished his purpose, he retired to a life of contemplation. There is an ethical undertone in his thought and teaching. If one looks closely into his teaching, it is seen that Kautilya advocated moderation in material pleasures and adherence to the path of righteousness. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments or riches even after establishing the first Indian empire. He constantly exhorted to give up sensory pleasure and cultivate qualities like kindness, patience etc. In talking about the four stages of life (commonly followed in Hinduism), he feels mixing of spiritual and sensual aspects are essential with the former slowly displacing the latter in stages. One can go on and on with illustrations to prove Kautilyas farsightedness, keenness of perception, and infallibility. Arthashastra In 1902 a little known Bhatta Swamy of Tanjore chanced upon 168 palm leaves of text written sometime in the 4th century BC, he handed it over to a Sanskrit scholar Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry, who was a curator at Oriental Research Institute (ORI) of Mysore. Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry deciphered it to be the Kautilan Arthashastra and published the text in1909 and an English translation in 1915 along with an Index Verborum listing the occurrence of every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered. Dr R Shamasastry then revised his original translation. In addition to Dr R Shama Shastrys translation there is an edition of the text with a complete Sanskrit commentary by T Ganapati Sastri, a German translation with voluminous notes by Mr JJ Meyer, a Russian translation and translations in many Indian languages. Sometime in 1960s Dr RP Kangle of Bombay University published an edition of three volumes which contained the text with precise numbering of the verses, an English translation and an exhaustive study. In 1990 Dr LN Rangarajan published an edited and rearranged translation that has grouped the verses and improved clarity. Dr RP Kangle first published his three-volume edition between 1960 and 1965. The Volume I contains a definite critically edited text with precise numbering of the Sutras and Verses, Volume II is an English translation with the detailed notes which take into account all other translations and Volume III is an exhaustive study.  [4]  The reference in this dissertation to Kautilya Arthashastra i.e. the Book, Chapter and Shlokas is from Kangles English translation i.e. Volume II, unless otherwise specified. Arthashastra is a the product of centuries of evolved strategic thinking. Kautilya himself cites several previous authorities differing views on many issues. Bharadvaja, Vishalaksha, Parasara, Pisuna and others are mentioned often. Kautilya argues with them, while presenting their views before his own. Sadly, what we know of many of them is limited to what Kautilya tells us  [5]  . Kautilyan Arthashastra is a treatise on Arthashastra by Kautilya. The word Artha is the sustenance or livelihood (Vrtthih) of men; in other words, it means the earth inhabited by men. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of the earth. In words of the author himself The subsistence of mankind is termed artha, wealth; the earth which contains mankind is termed artha, wealth; that science which treats the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Arthashastra, Science of Polity. The Arthashastra, literally translated as the art of wealth, is an examp le of a genre common to the period. Arthashastra is a handbook for the king on art of governance. It is defined as the Shastra that shows how this activity of the acquisition and protection of the earth should be carried out. Arthashastra has a two-fold aim. First, it seeks to show how the ruler should protect his territory. This protection (palana) refers principally to the administration of the state. Second, it shows how territory should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory from others. Artha is understood to stand for material well-being as well as the means of securing such well-being, particularly, wealth. Thus, Arthashastra is understood as the science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as the external sphere it is the science of statecraft or of politics and administration.  [6]  The name Arthashastra for the science of politics and administration, though unusual, appears to be quite old and even finds mention in Mahabharata  [7]  . Thus the two cover the whole range of state activity. The Kautilyan Arthashastra contains fifteen Adhikaranas or Books, 150 Chapters, 180 Sections and 6000 Shlokas  [8]  . Of these, the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state, the next eight deal with avapa or relations of a state with neighbouring states, while the last two are miscellaneous in character.  [9]  Kautilyan Arthashastra is a detailed examination of all factors affecting the internal administration of the state, foreign policy and waging war. The topics covered by each of these 15 books are given below: Book 1. Deals with king his training, the appointment of ministers and other officers of the state, the daily routine to be followed by the ruler and his safety and security. Book 2. Describes the duties of various executive officers of the state and a full picture of state activities in agriculture, mining, leisure activities and so on. Book 3. It is concerned with law and the administration of justice, reproduces a complete code of law. Book 4. Deals with the suppression of crime and includes sections on detection of crime, control over merchants and artisans, torture and capital punishment. Book 5. It is a miscellaneous collection of topics including the salary scales of officials Book 6. It is very short, containing only two chapters, but both are important, since they set out the theoretical basis for the whole work. The first chapter sets out the theory of the constituent element of a state and the second the theory of foreign policy. Book 7. It contains an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations that are likely to arise in the conduct of foreign policy. Book 8. This is concerned with Vyasanas, usually translated as calamities, which may affect adversely the efficient functioning of the various constituent elements. Book 9. Deals with preparation for war and includes topics such as the different kinds of troops that could be moblised, the proper conditions for starting an expedition and the dangers to be guarded against before starting. Book 10. This book is concerned with fighting and describes the main battle camp, types of battle arrays and different modes of fighting. Book 11. This book has only one chapter and describes how a conqueror should tackle oligarchies governed by a group of chiefs instead of a single king. Book 12. It shows how a weak king, when threatened by a stronger king, should frustrate the latters designs and ultimately overcome him. Book 13. This book is concerned with conquest of the enemys fort by subterfuge / fight. It also describes how the conquered territories should be ruled. Book 14. It deals with secret and occult practices. Book 15. Describes the methodology and the logical techniques used in the work.  [10]   Disputes Over Period of Arthashastra The arguments put forth by the non-traditional school are many. The significant ones amongst them are outlined in the succeeding lines. There are no references to Chandragupta Maurya and his kingdom and his rule in Kautilyas Arthashastra. It also does not refer to the wars fought by Chandragupta. Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, in his famous account, Indica, does not refer to Kautilya at any time. Julius Jolly a German scholar for example, argues that according to Megasthenes, Indians knew only five metals and were inexperienced in mining and metallurgy, but the Arthashastra shows a highly developed technical skill and knowledge of chemical processes including knowledge of alchemy.  [11]  Hence it belongs to a later date. Theres also no reference to Pataliputra, the capital of Chandragupta Maurya at all in the text. Further, the text is primarily addressed to the ruler of a comparatively small state, a member of a circle of twelve more or less similar states.  [12]  This argument is also advanced to imply that the treatise was written much latter, even later than the Gupta period, when there was no empire in India. With respect to place names which figure in the text in Book 2 (The Activity of the Heads of Departments), K Nag has this to say Every serious historian will hesitate to consider as written in the fourth century BC, a treatise containing names like Harahura and Kapisa, Kamboja and Aratla, Bahilika and Vanayu (Arabia), Tamraparni and Pandyakarataka, Suvarna Kudya and Suvarna Bhumi, Cina and Nepala.  [13]  The mention of Cina has been especially singled out to indicate that the name came to be used for China only after the Chin dynasty established its sway over the whole of China in the second half of the third century BC  [14]  . The appearance of the word surunga a tunnel is shown by Otto Stein that the word is Greek in origin and hence a work making such frequent use of the word could not have been written so early as the fourth century BC  [15]  . Further, Stein asserts that the Arthashastra cannot claim a higher antiquity than those sciences, which the Chapter 2.10 (T he Topic of Edicts) presupposes, viz, stylistics, niti and writing  [16]  . The use of Sanskrit instead of Prakrits for writing royal decrees (as was done during Ashokas period and the practice of the Satavahanas  [17]  is also held up to indicate a later date. Others state that Arthashastra uses Philosophical Sutras, which appeared not before the fifth century AD. Certain well known treatises having similarity of content, like Yajna Valkaya, Manu Smriti, SilpaShastra AlamkaraShastra and Kamasutra of Vastsyayana have also been referred to, to indicate that Kautilyas Arthashastra could not have preceded them and hence has to be assigned a later date (third or fourth century AD). Some like RG Bhandarkar refer to the circumstance that Patanjali in his Mahabhasya  [18]  does not mention Kautilya, though he refers to the Sabha of Chandragupta and to the Mauryas. He therefore concludes that Kautilya must be assigned to a date later than that of the Mahabhasya  [19]  . Kangle in his seminal work has considered each of these objections and a few more. He then goes on to systematically put forth convincing arguments against them and proves that Kautilyas Arthashastra was indeed written in the fourth century BC. Megasthenes Indica is not completely available and is preserved only in fragments. One cannot be

The Great Gatsby in the American Classroom :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby in the American Classroom      Ã‚  Ã‚   In determining why The Great Gatsby is so frequently assigned at various education levels, my thoughts reverted to our discussion on the Vendler text and the premise that teachers may be attempting to seduce their students into learning. In connection to this discussion, I reflected on my own classroom and what I hope to achieve with my students. I find the "seduction" of students to be an integral component in teaching students to appreciate the learning process. Not all learning is "fun," but I attempt to teach my students that it can at least be an interesting process.    Do I teach Gatsby in my own classroom? No. Do I think it is a significant text to be taught? Yes. Do I think Gatsby should be included in the literary canon? I think that question is irrelevant. This is because teachers, if educated well, should be able to determine the needs of the classroom Sometimes these needs go beyond or outside of the literary canon. I understand the relevance of the literary canon to English studies, but I also perceive the canon primarily as a tool or resource for the teaching of English. The canon also helps to preserve works of literature, but mere usage also helps to preserve. If works of literature are continually used in the classroom because of their relevance and usefulness, then there is not truly a need to encapsulate that work of literature in the canon to preserve it. That preservation occurs through popular use. Being exposed daily to the challenge of engaging minds in a discourse on literature, I believe it is possible, and sometimes necessary, for teachers to structure their material to fit the needs of their students. Gatsby is one such novel that appears to be filling this role.    In the preface to The Great Gatsby, Matthew J. Bruccoli asserts that    The Great Gatsby is a classic-a novel that is read spontaneously by pleasure-seekers and and under duress by students. A popular classroom fallacy holds that classics are universal and timeless. Literature has staying power, but it is subject to metamorphosis. (vii)    The Great Gatsby is pushing its way into more and more classrooms, because it is interesting as a literary work and, moreover, because it remains relevant to issues in modern society.

Argonatica

The epic poem highlights the hero Jason, and his quest for the Golden Fleece. According to the myth, Jason and fifty other renowned members of Greece set out for the fleece so that Jason could earn back his father's kingdom. Jason is a particularly interesting hero because he often displays qualities of an efficient leader. This is distinct compared to other heroes, such as Hercules, who are better known as warriors rather than leaders.Apollonius' epic would lay the groundwork for the works of Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Virgil. The Golden Fleece was the item which Jason, with the help of the Argonauts, was forced to retrieve. The origin of the Golden Fleece begins with Phrixus and Helle, the children of Athamus, and the goddess Nephele. When Athamas remarried, the children's stepmother, Ino, became Jealous of them and plotted to get rid of Phrixus and his sister. Ino persuaded two messengers to say that that the oracle required the sacrifice of Phrixus to restore ertility to the fiel ds.Before Phrixus could be sacrificed, however, Nephele sent a golden ram which carried both children off through the air. Helle fell into the Hellespont, but Phrixus arrived safely at Colchis, where he married the daughter of King Aeetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram to Zeus, and gave its pelt (the Golden Fleece) to Aeetes. Aeetes placed the fleece in an oak tree, where it remained. Then Jason's Father Aeson, was driven from power and killed by his brother Pelias. Jason death is aked and the child is sent away to be taught by the centaur Chiron.Jason returns later to reclaim his throne. However, an oracle warns Pelias that he will die at the hands of one of his relatives and that he should be wary of a man wearing only one sandal. Pelias informs Jason that he would give up his throne if Jason would set out and retrieve the Golden Fleece. The Argonautica begins as Jason is assembling a crew for the Argo. The Argo was the boat which was built by Argos for the Journey. It was slightly l arger than most ships at the time. In many ways the author Apollonius does not highlight the true heroism of Jason.Jason, through the author's description, does not appear as heroic as he really was. The definition of a Greek tragic hero is a man who is neither a pure man nor one who receives his fate as a result of his wickedness, but because of some mistake. From this it can be derived that the tragic hero must be both mortal, and human, and one who receives his fate as a result of error rather than as retribution. In both these instances Jason is a tragic hero ecause he is neither a perfect man nor a terrible man and he dies as a result of mortal mistakes as opposed to retribution.In the case of Jason, his tragic flaw is being too dependent on others. Jason tragic end begins as a result of Medea, who kills Pelias and forces Jason to flee his father's former kingdom after the Journey. Medea then kills Jason's sons and flees after Jason married another woman. Apollonius does not me ntion this part of the myth in his epic. In this way the true entirety of the definition is not fulfilled by the epic. Argonatica By Ibeaulieu

10 Facts on Criminal Behaviour for a Research paper

10 Facts on Criminal Behaviour for a Research paper If you are writing a research paper on criminal behavior, there are many things you should consider. Review the facts below to help give you some direction into what information is out there: There are many competing theories for why people commit crimes just as there are many types of crimes to commit. The Rational Choice Theory stated that criminal behavior can be divided into the victimized, the rational, and the predestined. But the Trait Theory states that there is a biological reason behind criminality, something which relates to a physical or biological trait inside of the person who commits the crime. In criminology, the examinations why individuals commit certain crimes is an ongoing process from which multiple theories have in merge. The reason it is important to study criminal behavior is to find the best solutions to reduce crime, specifically to reduce certain types of crime. The social disorganization theory states that the physical and social environment of an individual is responsible for the behavioral choices they make. Individual to live in neighborhoods where there is high crime, for school, and high unemployment might be more prone to committing specific crimes. This theory is applicable to petty crimes relating to drug use, left, and even illegal immigration. Strain theory states that almost all people have similar aspirations but not everybody has the same ability or opportunity. When certain people are unable to achieve the things they want through hard work simply because they dont have the same opportunities or abilities of someone else they might try to achieve that same level of success through crime. This is something also applicable to things such as the sale of drugs or illegal immigration. The social learning theory is a theory which purports that people will become motivated to commit certain crimes based on those with whom they associate. This is one particularly important when studying recidivism rates because it lends itself to the idea that those who might fall under the string theory or social disorganization theory could eventually succumb to social learning theory especially if they are put into prison for an extended period of time.   A young child who grows up in a poor neighborhood and cannot find employment opportunities might succumb to social disorganization theory and commit a small robbery in order to feed his family.   This small robbery can land the individual in jail where he associates with other criminals who have different skill sets and eventually it comes to social learning theory which leads him to commit more serious and violent crimes upon his release, contributing to high recidivism rates. There are many technologies used today to enhance our understanding of crimes and criminal behavior. The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System within the United States is maintained by the FBI and is used to house a criminal history system. Members of the criminal justice system can use this to automatically search for fingerprints, by placing a suspected person’s finger onto the pad of a wireless technological device. It can also be used for electronic image storing or exchanging fingerprints and responses. The AFIS maintained by the FBI is the second largest biometric databases throughout the world, containing records of over sixty six million subjects. With a fingerprint there is an associated criminal history for each subject alongside over twenty five million civil fingerprints. This technology has helped prevent criminal behavior by subjecting anyone interested in employment with a house for vulnerable minors to a fingerprint and background check to verify any criminal record. Any criminal history is catalogued alongside non-criminal source information such as employment background checks. During an investigation, criminal justice agencies can request a search through IAFIS while they are undergoing a criminal investigation. Scanning fingerprints into AFIS live uses Livescan. Instead of making an impression onto a piece of paper with ink, the fingerprint is placed onto the glass which is above a camera unit and pressed flat and rolled to give an impression. Once this is done, finge rprint technicians scan the print and use computer algorithms to mark the deltas, cores, and minutia points on the finger which runs the results through a search and processes which matches are of the highest quality. Facial recognition is a computer application which can automatically identify an individual through a video source. It uses either a digital image or a video frame to compare certain facial features to the database of facial features. This can be used in conjunction with fingerprint systems to provide additional assurance of the identity. The technology behind facial recognition extracts the shape, size, and position of the jaw, the cheekbones, the nose, and the eyes while also noting any landmark features. The algorithms which are a part of the application normalize the images, compress the data, and retain only useful data while comparing the image with other face data. The technology uses geometric algorithms and photometric algorithms. The first uses any distinguishing features while the second compares values of the image through statistics to eliminate any variances. New developments in the field use 3 dimensional recognition to capture all of the aspects of a face and its shape, identifying surface features such as the chin, the nose, and the contour of both eye sockets. This advanced technology is not affected by any changes in the light and can recognize an individual from the profile view. This technology offers many advances in terms of precise recognition, using sensors to project censored light to capture different spectrums along the face. The application can now capture skin texture including lines, spots, and patterns. Social control theory states that people will naturally commit a crime if there are no control in society which stop them. These controls take the form of schools, churches, families, and places of business. This relates to other theories insofar as it states that an individual who has a support structure socially speaking such as a job, a family, or even a school will be less inclined to commit crimes wear at somebody who doesnt have these things will succumb to the environment in which they live and the lack of social control thereby committing crimes. These facts should get you up the speed with the subject of criminal behavior. If you need more professional research paper help we also have a guide on criminal behavior for a research paper that you may check as well as our 20 topics and 1 sample essay. References: Bartol, Curt R.  Criminal Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980. Print. Browers, Michaelle. Minorities In Islam/Muslims As Minorities.  Contemporary Islam  8.3 (2014): 211-215. Web. Cassel, Elaine and Douglas A Bernstein.  Criminal Behavior. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Print. Chambliss, William J.  Crime And Criminal Behavior. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2011. Print. Clinard, Marshall B and Richard Quinney.  Criminal Behavior Systems. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. Print. Criminal Evidence.  Journal of Criminal Justice  15.1 (1987): 101. Web. Yaffe, Gideon. In Defense Of Criminal Possession.  Criminal Law and Philosophy  (2014): n. pag. Web.

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay The 10th and 11th Centuries contained some of the most important changes in Western Latin Christendom in its existence. These changes have left the Church and Europe more recognisable as the establishments we know today. The most obvious of these were the reform movements in the later part of the 10th and 11th Centuries, which climaxed under Leo IX and Gregory V11. There were also several equally important but subtly different changes which contributed to the greater part of this reform. An example of this is the evangelical revival that leads to a growth in religious life, and a cleansing of the Church which climaxed in the Orthodox Schism, and the investiture contest between the Pope and the Emperor of Germany.The reform movements of the 10h and 11th Centuries sought out a moral reform whereby lay rulers would appoint good men as priests and Bishops, who would in turn hasten the reform. The movements also aimed to stop corruption in the Church, especially th e sin of simony, which was the purchasing or selling of sacred things, e.g. Holy orders. At around 1000 AD the Church was predominantly governed by lay people, who built the Churches or monasteries on their land, and consequently felt that they had the right to appoint the next priest or abbot, this became known as lay investiture, and in this sense the Church became privatised. This posed a series of problems for the Church, the most serious of which were revenues, as the revenues that it should have been receiving were going back to the families who owned the land, rather than back to the Church.Subsequently religious communities were loosing out as this lose of revenues meant that there was a decline in the qualities of their lives, and so undermined the idea of religious life, and as a further consequences there were increasing cases of simony and married priests. The result of these problems was that by the 10th century many priests, monks, and nuns were not happy, and this led to a series of reform movements, through several different communities and people.The first stage of this reform was found at the monastery of Cluny in France. Founded in 910AD Cluny was a reformed Benedictine monastery. The monks tried to revive the liturgical life of the order, concentrating on the divine office and the arts e.g. plainsong. Cluny became the centre of a series of smaller monasteries, and started the first real monastic order. As a result of this, the Abbot of Cluny was exceptionally powerful and was able to influence the rest of the Christendom in a very monastic way, the Abbots of Cluny especially took a strong stance against married priests and simony.Around the year 1000 there was a strong evangelical revival, this was based on the general belief that in the year 1000 Christ would come again. The result of this was a surge in the revival of the Church, and a strong determination to return to the purity of the early Church, this led to a rapid growth in monaster ies and several new orders of monks emerged most notably the Carthusians. There were two main fronts for this revival.The first was through the work of individuals such as Peter Damain, and Romauld of Ravenna. These were two very influential figures in the 10th and 11th Centuries. Damain was described as: A reformer of clerical laxity and a champion of eremitical and ascetic discipline.1 He had exceptional knowledge of canon law and was used by the Pope as a legate on several occasions. He wrote a book on his predecessor Romauld of Ravenna who was a hermit monk and another highly influential figure: You would think that he (Romauld) was trying to turn the whole world and to involve the entire Church in his project of monastic reform2 Romauld went on to found the Camaldolese order of hermit monks.Another approach to the reform was through Canon law, this was the study of collections of early laws that described how the Catholic Church should be governed. The largest of these collecti ons was owned by Burchard of Worms, and was called the decretum. The idea of Canon law attracted great interest as they suggested that in the past the Church had governed itself, and so provided support to the reformers over the issue of Lay investiture It was later used by the Pope and the reformers as a way of giving theological support to their arguments over Sacred Kings.At the beginning of the reform movements both the Pope and the emperor worked together, in 1012 Henry II appointed Pope Benedict VIII; and they worked well together to reform the Church. This worked because they could reinforce the reform, as Henry was able to back up the Popes decrees in his own kingdom. In 1046 however, there was a new problem, and at the Synod of Sutri the new Emperor Henry III had to resolve another Papal dispute, this time he appointed his own Pope Clement II, Clement however dies quickly and Henry appoints Leo IX. Leo had a strong personality and lots of energy; he is convinced that God se nt him to route out simony. He held 11 reforming councils in 5 Years, the first, which was held in 1949 in Rome aimed to Route out simony. Another held in Reims asked 20 Bishops and 40 Abbots to declare whether they were guilty of simony. All the bishops who didnt turn up were deposed. Several other reforming councils were held e.g. At Poitiers they agree that Priests and deacons should not live with women, and at Ingelheim they agreed that laymen could not expel or appoint clergy.Leo IX however had a serious problem in South Italy; the Normans had invaded and were encroaching into Papal land. Leo IX planned to stand up to them but at the battle of Civilate in 1053 he suffers a humiliating defeat and was captured, he is finally released; however he is a broken man. In 1054 he holds another reforming council in South Italy; this however causes an argument with the Byzantines who also owned a large area of Southern Italy. At this time there are strong tensions between Latins and the G reeks, they disagreed over the role of the Papacy and the Holy Spirit. In 1054 this argument got out of hand, and eventually Cardinal Humbert was sent to Byzantium to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, who in turn excommunicated the Pope this was the beginning of the East-West Schism. Leo dies shortly afterwards, and soon after Henry III also dies leaving behind a 6 month old son to rule.The reformers see this as an opportunity to get rid of lay investiture; this was particularly attacked by Cardinal Humbert who called for an end to lay domination as it caused moral and financial abuses among clergy. The next three Popes tried to push forward the idea that Christendom should be ruled by the Papacy. In 1959 Pope Nicholas II issued a precedent saying the new pope was to be elected through a College of Cardinals, this eliminated the power of the German King. When Henry IV claimed the crown in 1071 he found himself in a much weaker position than his father had left him. In 1 072 there was a disputed election, Pope Alexander II backed one side Henry IV backed the other, each side saw the balance of power and neither side was prepared to back down, however before the dispute could be settled Alexander died, and Gregory VII was elected Pope.Gregory was a devoted man who was devoted to St Peters rights, and held the view that Peters Church would be the mother of all churches. He was however a very controversial figure, 26 German bishops and the German emperor agreed that Gregory was not Pope but a false monk3 and called on him to resign. Gregory however intensified his campaign on for moral reform challenging the idea of Sacred Kingship saying that the clergy should be elected. He called on the lay people not to accept ministry from those known to be guilty of Simony or sexual acts. In 1075 he forbade the clergy to accept investiture into office from a layman, he put his ideas into pamphlets which he sent round Christendom, however his opponents simply dest royed them. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry IV for trying to dispose of a Synod of imperial bishops, the result of this was that Henry IV could not function and a rebellion broke out. In January 1077 Henry went to see the Pope in Italy dressed only in his nightshirt to beg reconciliation. Gregory granted it, however he reserved the right to judge Henry at a later date. After this Henry soon regained power, and in 1080 a new conflict broke out, this time when Henry was excommunicated he simply seized Rome and the pope was forced to flee south with the Normans where he died in 1085.Even though Henry elected a Pope: Clement III the papacy had broken away from lay control. The Reformers elected their own popes who were accepted by the rest of the Church. Henry struggled to regain control but failed, eventually it came to a compromise, the King agreed not to invest in the Papacy; however the king was allowed to be present in the elections of Bishops and Abbots. In Europe the Lay rul ers power over the Church was limited but not abolished.The result of this reform was clear, within society there was a shift towards the Church, and the attack on the sacred kingship was successful. The prestige of the Papacy increased dramatically, however the papal victory appeared more complete within the Church. The pope made a series of declarations known as the dictatus papae which outlined the main development of the Church over the next two centuries. The Reformers made a new vision of the Church in which the Clergy were separated from the hierarchal chain that stretched from God to humanity. The reform however was not just for Kings and Popes, many ordinary citizens were forced to make religious choices, which were made more difficult in that for as long as people could remember anointed Kings had ruled the church, but were held in the balance, because the Pope had a more powerful theological argument based on Canon Law.In the end the reforms added a new level of tension a nd a new dimension of a new level of life which we can still see in Christendom today. The position of the Pope became much more similar to the view we have of him today, and the Church got rid of the idea of Sacred Kingship which would be brought up in Britain at a later date under Henry VIII. The Reformers had successfully brought the Church out of a difficult moral situation and created a modern yet classical opinion of the Church, and started many traditions which are still around today.

Idea for Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Idea for Business Plan - Essay Example The competitors in the industry are large-scale dairy farmers and milk processing companies. Large scale farmers produce dairy products in large amounts and hence most customers will prefer their products since they are sure of a constant supply. Processing companies are big competitors since they have loyal customers. Nevertheless, the business people in the venture do not produce enough supply of dairy products and hence small businesses have a chance for growth under the stiff competition. The business will ascertain that its products are of high quality, and cleanliness will be paramount. Customers of dairy products mainly consider quality and health before making purchases and hence the business will be at a better position to thrive. The business will offer delivery services that will lure many customers into making orders from my firm. Dairy farming has a lot of opportunities in the greater Cleveland area since most milk products are brought from other places. Operating the business in Cleveland will minimize the operational costs and hence I can use price as a competition

Aesthetic Style in Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aesthetic Style in Writing - Essay Example They enlighten and portray the preciseness of what is being communicated. Characters have been exceptionally represented in reference to their high ranking roles, to bring out the extent of the superiority of white people. She puts in place politicians, board members of the Canterbury Club, a doctor, jurist, theologian, college president among others. They are representatives of the larger majority of the Americans. They express enthusiasm about the matters surrounding their well-being and that of the nation. At the same time, they are more oriented in their own social progress, hence, the formation of their Club. Words articulated by these characters have been specially chosen by Pauline to highlight their own self-interests. Talma Gordon was a symbol of great things that can come out of the intermingling between the black people and other races. She is described to have a wonderful smile and a face full of delight â€Å"like the heart of a flower† (Elizabeth 2). This represents wealth, happiness and some of the good things that the intermarriage relation can bring. Jeannette is compared to her father who is dark and stern while Talma is said to have a similarity with her mother. This is discriminative since Mrs. Gordon was richer than Mr. Gordon as she possessed much of the family’s wealth in which she, in turn, left to her daughters after her death. Talma was as genius as a dead mother who was light. This portrays the aspect of the light skin color overshadowing the dark skin color thus raising the controversy in their intermingling. It presumes that in case of intermarriage, some parties will over depend on others for survival. This is a form of discrimination. Some visitors were given a warmer welcome than others were. The writer thought that she and she accompany will be â€Å"welcomed to a banquet that would feast both eye and palate† (Elizabeth 3) but to their surprise, they were not even looked at by the hostess.