Jane and Hester

Love is something defined as happiness, but what does love mean when it begins to hurt that person and traps them completely? The definition of love changes and becomes a continuous struggle to escape or run away from the evils it possesses. No matter how sever the pain, love is never sub sided. Hester Pynne and Jane Eyre are both characters that involve themselves in a romance that overcomes them entirely. In each novel their love and feelings turn into a fallacy in which they learn of secrets, lies, guilt, and death. Jane and Hester cannot run from their problems, they are forced to face secrets, sin, and death to be with the ones they love. Although the women are both independent, they start to rely on someone that they fall in love with. Someone that they believe is meant to be with them until death. However, when things go wrong, their first instinct is to run away entirely. What’s stopping them? â€Å"Gentle reader, may you never feel what I then felt! May your eyes never shed such stormy, scalding, heart-wrung tears as poured from mine. May you never appeal to Heaven in prayers so hopeless and so agised as in that hour left my lips: for never may you, like me, dread to be the instrument of evil to what you wholly love†(Bronte 306). Jane Eyre’s passion for Mr. Rochester was miserable, but the small moments in which he made her feel infinite, kept her from staying away. Hester was alike in the way of love, but knew better then to leave the village that her secret lover lived in. She wanted him to be safe from the evils of society. What kept Hester from truly leaving? Hester like Jane knew she could live on her own and be independent, but Hester showed her strength from the beginning because she knew that leaving the one she loved, would only cause her misery. She knew that Pearl would be a constant reminder that she sinned and could not love Dimmesdale without reticule. â€Å"It is to the credit of human nature, that, except where its selfishness is brought into play, it loves more readily than it hates. Hatred, by a gradual and quiet process, will even be transformed to love, unless the change is impeded by a continually new irritation of the original feeling of hostility. (Hawthorne 126). Hester’s hate towards the Puritan society and Dimmesdale for not suffering with her was interfered by love. Its power let Hester believe that no matter she went or who she met, her heart would be forever with Dimmesdale. Jane was more oblivious, she believed she was strong enough to walk away from love, but in the end it conquered all the hate and lies. Both women knew that running from love is like running from death, inevitable. What little time a person has to live a full and happy life, what little time a person has to waste it. Jane and Hester are both strongly connected to Mr. Rochester and Dimmesdale and the last thing they think about is the death of their loved one. They are both so in love that they want every second of their life to be spent with one another. This is an example of why the women find a hard time leaving their lovers. They know how fragile life is and how quickly their loved ones can be taken away from them. Jane learned the value of life through her many experiences in which everything she had ever loved was taken away by death. If others didn’t love me, I would rather die than live—I cannot bear to be solitary and hated†(Bronte 62). Hester learned in a harder way, for she learned this experience when the pain of the sin that Dimmesdale and her both committed had taken Dimmesdale to his death bed. Hester tried to savor every moment with him, but under such restrictions of puritan society, it was nearly impossible. She did know however that death was inevitable from day one, and that leaving the village would only ruin the time she had left with Dimmesdale. But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the  force  of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghostlike, the spot where some great and marked event has given the color to their lifetime; and still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it†(Hawthorne 66). Hester knew that the day the secrets were revealed it would only be bittersweet, she knew her love would be forced to an end. Jane was the same, but she handled it by avoiding all bad that was present. The purpose of a secret is to keep someone safe from discovering something that could impose harm on another. The irony of a secret is that it causes guilt and temptation rather than the satisfying feeling of helping another. Hester and Jane have lovers that hold secrets that inflict pain, fear, and guilt to themselves and others. But what is a secret that is taken too far? â€Å"‘Sir,' I answered, ‘a wanderer's repose or a sinner's reformation should never depend on a fellow-creature. Men and women  die; philosophers falter in  their wisdom, and Christians in goodness: if any one you know has suffered and erred, let him look higher than his equals for strength to amend, and solace to heal’†(Bronte 206). Hester and Jane know that with secrets comes sin, but they are both so deeply in love with that sin that they are trapped in the middle of moral values and the nature of love. Each novel however, has a consequence of sin and secret. These consequences are what keep Hester and Jane close to Dimmesdale and Mr. Rochester. The consequences are things such as pain, torture, lies, and reticule. When the women see how strong their love is they fight through those consequences of pain and lies to keep that love alive, for they know it’s the only happiness they have ever felt. â€Å"But this had been a sin of passion, not of principle, nor even purpose†(Hawthorne 158). There is a bond that keeps two people together, a bond that has no definition and changes through experiences and struggles. A bond called love. It’s a something that cannot be ripped apart just by running away or trying to avoid it. The authors of both books show that sin, death, and love are all inevitable. Jane and Hester cannot run from their problems, they are forced to face secrets, sin, and death to be with the ones they love. In their lives they have found that the attachment they had was worth fighting for. â€Å"Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs†(Bronte 51). So in conclusion both books show how love is a bond that cannot be broken, it’s a power that is higher than the lies or wrong doings of their lovers. Hester and Jane show courage and strength by not being able to stay away from the ones they love, but instead fighting for the happiness they believe in.

5 Forces Dynamic Analysis Essay

Question 1. –(refer to appendices on p.5) Political 1) From 1991-1998 No longer anti-alcohol campaign to boost ice-cream industry. Ice cream industry had to complete with substitute products. 2) Since 1998 Financial Crisis, Russian rubles devalued by two-thirds. Russians cannot afford foreign products and companies relied more on national suppliers. 3) 1999 VAT raise. Fruit-based ice-creams and popsicles raised to 20% VAT. Consumer buy less ice-cream because of elastic demand, revenue is less. Economical 1) Privatized companies must overcome bad infrastructure, to create value in Primary and Support activities, and to extend the maximum market share. 2) In ice-cream industry, Ice-Fili’s competitor, Nestlà ©, built Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own infrastructure during the 1990’s and Russian faced an enormous challenge. Society/ Culture 1) Lakomka. Older customers love â€Å"Lakomka†, 5 competitors compete Lakomka. However, in a long term, Lakomka needs to sustain its life if old generation dies. 2) Russian likes Condensed Milk (less sweet) ice-cream generally. But Nestlà © may change consumers’ behavior. 3) Consumers took ice-cream during short summer but took beer throughout year. Technological 1) Newly imported equipment. Ice-cream industries invested newly imported equipment to enhance infrastructure. 2) 90% of new equipment used for freezing and packaging in Russian market, but only $1.5 to $2m per complete production line. Not really improving. Substitutes (High Threat) Soft drinks, beers, chocolate, confectionaries were rising but ice-cream declined by 3.5% in 2002. Rivalry (High Threat) Nestlà © established great infrastructure and wanted to be only brand in Russia in 2-3 years’ time! Entrants (High Threat) Regional producers took 30% of domestic market and still growing. Supplier (High Threat) Imported ingredients were more expensive; National suppliers had more supplier power, price of ingredient were more expensive Buyer (High Threat) 1) Customers had 240 different ice-cream products! Yet to count substitute goods. 2) Retailer cost 17.2% & distributors cost 30%, 47% of industries expenses!! From the PESTLE and Porter Five Forces shown above, Russian ice cream industry was struggling to evolve. Question 2 Resources– (refer to appendices on p.6) 1) Tangible resources In Physical point of view, Russian ice-cream market contains different plants and fruits. This is also mention under point â€Å"rare† below in the same answer. Ice cream companies’ experiences long year’s industries, human resources of local and national knowledge such as culture, marketing, and human connections were under the competitive advantage. 2) Intangible resources For firms in Russian market, long ice cream brands were already enjoying reputation because some reputable brands were household name such as Lakomka. Under Capabilities 1) Valuable Despite that is devaluation in Russian Rubles, which is a great opportunity to enter ice cream market in Russia in lower cost. 2) Rare Tailor made Ingredients. Russia has a huge area, which may grow some specific type of plant that cannot find in other countries. Those local plant and fruit could turn into local ingredients to make a unique ice-cream that could be found in Russia only. 3) Inimitable In the Russian market, there were more than 240 ice cream products alone. For a market entrant, the barrier of entry is low because customers were not sticking to a particular ice cream brand and reject the others. Entrants needn’t imitate other brand and enter to the market. That was why regional ice cream market enjoyed growth. 4) Organized to be exploited by the firm Russian market used to have a weak organizational infrastructure, neither in vertical and horizontal integration during 2002. Nestlà © had formed a well infrastructure already but Nestlà © couldn’t take entire integration in Russia  market, there are still some room for companies can take on this opportunity to integrate horizontally and/or vertically at the moment, to grow on company’s economies of scale at this moment, rather than years later that all the market big boys fill up the ice cream industry, which increase barrier of entries. Question 3: Strategic Positioning Model – (refer to appendices on p.7) In appendices 1, Ice-Fili played board in Competitive Scope but played differentiation in Economic Logic. Despite Ice-Fili sold 6 Rubles and compete directly with some of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s medium price products, for a medium size company with limited tangible resources, Ice-FIli unable to be a Cost Leader to compete with high economies of scale like Nestlà © and local big companies. Ice-Fili had to prove its value. Porter 5 Forces – (refer to appendices on p.7) Threat of Substitutes Invest Eastern Europe and Germany Ice-Fili directors believed to take a ‘cash cow’ opportunity to produce dry ice and sell aboard. It was right as director aware substitute goods and lower switching cost of Buyers can threat ice-cream business. If dry ice aboard were Stars Market, of course it was worth to invest in; if dry ice was a Question Marks market, risk was much higher.; Furthermore, Ice-cream market and dry ice-market may not share the same technologies simply based on same freezing system, Ice-Fili needed to put more effort to control its business, plus taking care the tough ice-cream competition at the same time. Threat of entry Ice-Fili improved some sufficiency that raised the bar barriers of entry from below: 1) It was right to restructure 117 salary levels to one under Corporate Organization & Structure, more cost flexibility & got rid of high fixed cost rigid system. 2) Production Invested $8m on advanced machinery with 90% used for freezing and packaging! To tackle significant 5.7% packaging cost was reasonable. It may spend too much on improve lower cost Freezing system but spent less than 10 % on production, let â€Å"Older generation equipment† produced 25% production capacity was obviously  insufficient. Ice-Fili did not tackle high repair & maintenance cost. Buyers’ Power Ice-Fili planned their Product range with 170 different ice cream plus 20 new products every year. That let buyer to have more choice was creating far less sufficiency on cost control. Under poor financial position in 2002, simply should focus traditional intangible brand Lakomka and other most profitable ice-cream! Supplier Power 1) Ice-Fili kept 3-4 suppliers only. Kabuzenka stated Ice-Fili constantly received â€Å"new one† offers, but didn’t diversify more suppliers. High Suppliers Power remained. 2) Ice-FIli never hedged foreign currencies that can cost less to buy foreign products. Question 4. –(refer to appendices on p.8) Arenas- Red Ocean (substitute products), Blue Ocean (Dry-Ice Market & theme park) Invest Foreign Dry Ice Market- Ice-Fili must ensure they were investing Star Market rather than Question Marks market. If not a Star Market, Ice-Fili should not invest. Invest Ice Cream theme park- Ice-Fili located nearby Moscow. It is inexpensive to set, and easy to attract some visitors to visit theme park. i) Introduce company’s history ii) watch brief production process, iii) let visitors taste and evaluate developing future product. iv) Visit â€Å"cute† graveyard of Ice-Fili’s â€Å"buried products† to create fun. Invest substitute products- E.g. beer, chocolate, soda, etc., as markets were expanding, in short term, to buy these companies shares and generate cash a.s.a.p. In longer term, get enough resources to develop its own brand, or fully takeover an existing substitute company. Vehicles- Acquisition Backward integration- To save storage cost of ingredients, could pay suppliers slightly more by delivering on time for production. This enhanced inbound logistics under Generic Value Chain, Porter 5 Forces’ Supplier Power, and decrease Operation cost. Forward Integration- Set up own small distribution warehouses across geographical market locations, hire few employees in each location. It runs several tasks: a) Enhance Outbound Logistics by distribute products on time to all retail channels, replace 47% Retailers and Distribution costs. b) Use cheap operated SMS to communicate freely with local marketers, to gather 1st hand market demand and relevant information, to build up Services by developing relationships. Then e-mail this â€Å"fount line† information to headquarters on regular basis. Differentiation- Position medium price product and try to Re-register Lakomka 1) Register Lakomka- to become Ice-Fili’s unique product in the market. 2) Not bond with leading Russian producers for joint advertising- The bond favor more on Russian big players rather than medium Ice-Fili. Bond’s decision may constraint the future benefit of Ice-Fili. Eventually, Ice-Fili could be destroyed by the bond, not by Nestlà ©. It is not worth to save 0.44% cost by joining the bond. Staging- Based on priority of financial resources inflow and outflow of time sequence as follows: Invest substitute products 1st as market growing->register Lakomka->forward integration->backward integration->Dry Ice Market abroad->Ice Cre am theme park Economic Logic Gain cash from raising market (substitute goods); Save cash to run future business. Conclusion: 1st invest Horizon 2- certain growing substitute market; then enhance Horizon 1- register Lakomka and integration, finally invest Horizon 3-Dry Ice and theme park. APPENDICES Brief History PEST (question 1) Components of Internal Analysis (question 2) Strategic Positioning Model (question 3) Lower Cost Differentiation Board Target Competitive Scope Nestlà © -Cost Leadership Ice-Fili- Medium Price, Nestlà © Narrow Competitive Scope Cost Focus Differentiation- Niche

Discuss individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences.

Introduction Deutsch (2012) describes music as an art that entails thinking with sounds. Music is played all over the world in churches, homes, funerals and many other places. It is part of humanity introduced at birth with lullabies and continues throughout the course of life up to death with the funeral march (Hallam, Cross & Thaut, 2016). It is a language that resembles speech in many aspects and has no borders. Sense of sound and rhythm are essential elements of musical functioning (Gruszka, Matthews, & Szymura, 2010). Music is significantly influenced by culture in terms of content and style. As such it evokes the same emotions within members of the same culture. It has two main components (rhythm and pitch) that it uses to pass the intended message and one has to be able to understand the two in order to appreciate music (Jones, Fay & Popper, 2010). Human beings are born with ability to understand and appreciate music and that is why young children appreciate lullabies. However the music p otential and preferences vary from one person to the other. People have different musical preferences and this influences the amount of time and resources that they spend listening to music. This study investigates the individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences. Individual differences in Musical Functioning Individual differences in musical functioning or musicality refer to the differences in the strength of music preference (Kern & Humpal, 2012). These differences are among the most intricate psychological issues in music. An individual may be fine without music while another one may need music so much so that he or she would use huge resources to attend music concerts. The source of such differences is a major concern to psychologists. According to Deutsch (2012), the strength of music preference is a function of the role that music plays in the life of an individual. People use music for different purposes like regulating their mood and emotions, promoting self-awareness, communicating, fostering social relations, distractions, and physiological arousal. Music plays an important role in the lives of many people across the world, and many people depend on music for different purposes. The availability of music on portable devices has increased the use of music with many people making it an ubiquitous companion (Theorell, 2014). Therefore music has a profound effect on the lives of many individuals as it influences their thinking, feelings, behaviour and perception. These factors influence the lives of individuals depending on the level of dependence on music and the specific type of music (Haas & Brandes, 2009). As such it is important to ascertain the factors that influence music preference. Individual differences in musical functioning belong to an area in psychology that still remains largely unexplored (McPherson, 2016). People like certain artists, tunes, and styles more than the others. The other individuals also have different musical preferences. This is what is termed as style/genre preferences under music preference. In addition to this, individual differences also exist in terms of the extent to which people listen to music. The extent to which people love and enjoy music differs from one individual to the other (Gruszka, Matthews & Szymura, 2010). The knowledge on why people form preferences on certain types of music still remain fragmented partly because music plays different roles in the lives of people (Theorell, 2014). This is what is termed as the strength of preference under musical preference. The major issue of concern to psychologists is the source of these individual differences in strength and genre/style. Strong music preference is an indication th at an individual spends a lot of time listening to music, going to concerts and buying music. The decision to invest time and money to listening to music is a sign that music is useful to the lives of these people. Individual differences in musical functioning are a multifaceted phenomenon that has continuously eluded psychologists, researchers and musicologists (McPherson, 2016). However, some factors that affect musical functioning have been identified and they include exposure, musical characteristics, genre and personality. The factors that affect musical preference can be grouped into two broad categories namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are inherent and they include melody, structure and timbre. The extrinsic factors on the other hand include social influence, personality and emotions. Social influence on Musical Functioning Social influence is one of the factors that influence the development of individual preferences in music. This starts at the adolescence stage and continues late into adulthood (Zelazo, 2013). Adolescents often have a strong desire to do the same things that their peers are doing in order to belong. They also tend to dislike the things that their peers dislike. As such they will tend to like the same music that their peers like (Theorell, 2014). They listen to music to create an impression, develop self-image and please their friends. According to McPherson (2016), the teenagers often desire to identify themselves with certain groups that they consider as being â€Å"cool† and distance themselves with those that they regard as being â€Å"old-fashioned†. Therefore they tend to develop musical preferences that are similar to members of their group and avoid those of the other groups that they regard as â€Å"not being cool†. This implies that musical preferences are partly created for the purpose of serving a function of group differentiation (Damon & Lerner, 2006). According to Juslin & Sloboda (2010), individuals often tend to like the music that was popular during the years that they reached maturity age. The music preference developed at this point is often a function of the songs that are popular among the friends. However, the events that occur in late adolescence and early adulthood often shape the music preference for the rest of adulthood. When individuals first leave home and start being independent, they are often influenced by their peer groups. They spend a lot of time with their peers and tend to like what their peers like and dislike what their peers dislike (Damon & Lerner, 2006). They will like the same songs as they go to concerts together and spend most of their free time doing the same things. For instance the people who fail to acquire higher education tend to like songs that depict a care free attitude to justify their condition. Therefore social perceptions significantly influence the type of music preferred by people. Acc ording to the social learning theory, people learn through observation (Lehmann, Sloboda, & Woody, 2007). When people are rewarded for certain behaviours like listening to a certain genre of music, others tend to learn from it and are likely to imitate the behaviour in order to reap the same benefits. People tend to use music socially as a way of reinforcing their self-image. For instance conservative people are more inclined to listen to music that is conventional. Furthermore, people use music to communicate to the world by expressing their ideal self-image. The preferences of society may increase or inhibit the spread of certain music genres thereby influencing their potential to be preferred by individuals (Feezell, 2008 and Gruszka, Matthews & Szymura, 2010). For instance when it was discovered that Mozart music positively affected spatial IQ , more people started listening to classical music. This exposure increase the preference for classical music as it was considered esse ntial for children (Hallam, Cross & Thaut, 2016). This indicates the power of society to influence music perception and preference. Therefore the influence of society is one of the most significant factors that influence individual music preferences. The type of music that people are exposed to from childhood is highly dependent on what the society considers popular and appropriate. For instance the mainstream media may prefer playing certain music over the others thereby influencing the preference of individuals. Biological influence on Musical Functioning Music Cognition A series of processes is often activated when listening to music; these processes include melody recognition, memory of the music, recognising the lyrics and emotional response (Lehmann, Sloboda, & Woody, 2007). These basic processes are often integrated by complex mechanisms in the brain where various neural circuits take part simultaneously and some in succession. Identifying the specific tasks involved in processing music and the various interactions requires theoretical models. According to the functional architecture model proposed by Peretz and Coltheart, perception of monophonic tunes is organised by two independent systems working simultaneously (Sloboda, 2004). The melodic system aids in processing melody whereas the temporal system processes tempo. The melodic system processes all information on melody and differentiates the two main components (i.e. note and intervals). All the perception mechanisms are required for processing melodic contour. Melodic processing is done in right superior temporal gyrus (Lehmann, Sloboda, & Woody, 2007). Both the melodic and temporal systems work in coordination with each other and as such a damaged brain may lose its ability to perceive music. Both the melodic and temporal systems relay information to musical lexicon to generate musical repertoire. Musical lexicon includes music repertoire and has a perceptual representation of all the things that an individual has be exposed to (Kern & Humpal, 2012). Furthermore, it also contains a memory that stores new music to aid in the recognition of melodies that are both familiar and non-familiar. As such if damage occurs to the musical lexicon, an individual becomes unable to perceive familiar melodies or even record new ones. Information from the musical lexicon is often relayed extemporaneously or immediately after stimulus reception to different areas depending on the required action (Haas & Brandes, 2009). Phonological lexicon is often activated to aid in the retrieval of lyrics, phonological and articulation prepares an individual for singing, motor functions are responsible for producing music, and the multimodal associative memories are used for retrieving information that is not musical (Jones, Fay & Popper, 2010). The perceptual modules are linked to the memory processes and emotional pathways to aid in music recognition and emotional experience. Non emotional processing and emotional processing are independent and as such damage to one may not damage the other. Any impairment to these connections often leads to difficulties in being able to integrate musical processes. Influence of Biological Factors on Individual Differences According to Sloboda (2004). , music has rarely been studied from the biological perspective as it is mostly perceived as a function of culture. However, biological factors significantly influence musical preferences (Feezell, 2008). The ability of an individual to process and appreciate music is dependent on cognitive functions. Individual differences in self-perception and personality influence musical preference. Therefore people may opt to like music that will allow them to express themselves to the others on how they would like to be perceived. Moreover, individual differences influence the purpose for which people listen to music (Zelazo, 2013). One of the reasons why people listen to music is to regulate their emotions and help them cope with the daily challenges in life. The differences in musical preference and reasons for listening to music are indications that intelligence and personality partly influence how people use music. Personality and intelligence influence the typ e of music people listen to, how often they listen to it and the reasons for listening to music (Sloboda, 2004). For instance the intellectuals like those with high IQs are more inclined to like conventional/ reflective music and as such are likely to use it for their intellectual purposes rather than for emotional consumption (Juslin & Sloboda 2010). This is because of their higher cognitive ability. This is clearly noticeable in their preference for jazz or classical music not because they do not elicit emotions but because the complexity of the genre is more inclined to suit the interests of people seeking experiences that are intellectually stimulating. On the other end are extraverts who may rely on music to stimulate their activity level when carrying out monotonous tasks like doing dishes or jogging. This implies that the role music plays in the life of an individual is partly determined by the level of arousal (Lilienfeld, et al 2011). This is particularly evident for those with high or low level of arousal average. The interference caused by background music on cognitive processes is higher in introverts than extraverts (Rickard & McFerran, 2012). Damon & Lerner (2006), claim that the association between musical use and other traits remain largely unexplored although some relationship may be expected. For instance people who suffer from emotional instability and regularly experience negative emotions are more likely to use music to regulate their emotions. Cognitive research has established that these people listen to music more for the purpose of managing their emotions (Rickard & McFerran, 2012). Furthermore, they are more sensitive to the emotions elicited by music and as such find music essential for regulating their emotions. Conscientious people on the other hand react differently to music. Conscientious people are those that have traits which are inversely correlated to psychoticism and creativity (Lilienfeld, et al 2011). Conscientious people are less likely to use music for regulating their emotions as they are likely to use it for other purposes. Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biological and social factors on individual musical functioning. The findings show that individual musical preferences and use of music is influenced by both social and biological factors. The social factors mostly influence the type of music people prefer to listen to whereas the biological factors influence the reasons for listening to music. The major social factors that influence the choice of music that people listen to are peers and the society as they determine the kind of music that is played regularly. The biological factors on the other hand influence the purpose for which people listen to music. The purpose for which people listen to music is closely associated with the frequency of listening to music than the choice of music (Hallam, Cross & Thaut, 2016). Therefore biological factors are also responsible for the amount of time and resources people spend to listen to music. However, it is important to note that bot h the biological and social factors significantly contribute to the individual differences in musical functioning. References Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M., (2006). Handbook of child psychology. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. Deutsch, D. (2012). The psychology of music. London : Academic Press. Feezell, J. T. (2008). Stereotype: The influence of music preferences on political attitudes and behaviour. Santa Barbara, Calif.: University of California, Santa Barbara. Gruszka, A., Matthews, G., & Szymura, B. (2010). Handbook of individual differences in cognition: Attention, memory, and executive control. New York: Springer. Hallam, S., Cross, I., & Thaut, M. (2016). The Oxford handbook of music psychology. Oxford : Oxford University Press Haas, R., & Brandes, V. (2009). Music that works: Contributions of biology, neurophysiology, psychology, sociology, medicine and musicology. Wien: Springer. Jones, M. R., Fay, R. R., & Popper, A. N. (2010). Music perception. New York: Springer. Juslin, P. N., & Sloboda, J. A. (2010). Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kern, P., & Humpal, M. E. (2012). Early childhood music therapy and autism spectrum disorders: Developing potential in young children and their families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Lehmann, A. C., Sloboda, J. A., & Woody, R. H. (2007). Psychology for musicians: Understanding and acquiring the skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. L. (2011). 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. McPherson, G. (2016). The child as musician: A handbook of musical development. Oxford : Oxford University Press Rickard, N. S., & McFerran, K. (2012). Lifelong engagement with music: Benefits for mental health and well-being. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science. Sloboda, J. (2004). Exploring the musical mind: Cognition, emotion, ability, function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Theorell, T. (2014). Psychological health effects of musical experiences: Theories, studies and reflections in music health science. London: Springer Zelazo, P. D. (2013). The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Essay Example However, the introduction of numerous statutory instruments and the principles of Judicial Interpretation place restrictions on the use of exclusion clauses. Another aspect of legal disputes in commercial contracts involve the situation where there is damage to property that belongs to one of the parties in the contract after an order is placed. There is a question of which is liable for damage. This paper is in two parts based on the question in the scenario. The first part examines the effectiveness of a clause that AOL has integrated into the contract which excludes liability for several things and how this can be used to relieve AOL for misrepresentation. The second part examines the obligations that AOL owes to Shoeground Ltd in view of shoes that they ordered which have been damaged. PART 1 1.1 Issue The question requires that we examine the ability of Clause 3 to be used to exclude responsibility for misrepresentations. In doing this, there is the need to examine some importan t things: 1. The appropriateness of the use of Clause 3 as an Entire Agreement Clause and what intervening Statutes and Judicial practices can affect the use of the Clause to exclude liabilities for misrepresentations. ... The Misrepresentation Act of 19675, as amended by the Unfair Contract Terms Act 19776 restricts the possibility of using exclusion clauses to limit liability for misrepresentation. Section 3 of the Misrepresentation Act states that if a term in a contract excludes liability for misrepresentation, any remedy available to the other party by reason of such misrepresentation, that term shall have no effect unless it satisfies the requirements of reasonableness in Section 11 (1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. This means that in an event of a misrepresentation by one party in a contract, that party cannot rely on any exclusion clause to prevent his liability for misrepresentation. In Overbrooke V Glencombe7 it was held that the need of a principal to disclose restraint of the authority of his agents were not enough to prevent him from the effects of Section 3 of the Misrepresentation Act. This is because the principal stated that he was not responsible for the representations of hi s agents. The court held that the agents were acting in his name as such, the inclusion of a clause limiting their involvement did not make him exempt from Section 3 of the Act. The principal was held liable. However, in some instances, an exclusion clause for liability for misrepresentation could be accepted by the court if it is reasonable. The reasonableness test is laid out in Section 11 (1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. First of all, the exemption clause should have been reasonable enough to have intended the terms are the time of the contract8. This means that the term might have been in a way that a reasonable person could have inferred its impact and invested sufficient efforts to do diligent checks. Secondly, the exemption clause for misrepresentation

FedEx Corporation and Its Strategies Research Paper

FedEx Corporation and Its Strategies - Research Paper Example It was found the declining profitability of the company is the main problem that the company should take into account. In the later part of the project certain strategic solutions were suggested, and then the most feasible one was finalized. It was found that the company needs to disinvest loss-making businesses which are not the part of the core business and the finance collected can be used to strengthen that business that adds core competency to the company. A proper change management process should be followed to minimize hurdles and smooth implication of the change. The management should go on reviving the plan with changing market conditions and in this way, the company will succeed in overcoming the major problem in a highly effective manner. FedEx Corporation offers transportation facilities along with e-commerce and other business services to different parts of the world. The company has under its banner four main operating businesses with the names FedEx Express, FedEx Freight, FedEx Ground and FedEx Services. The above-mentioned business units look after different areas of operation, as for example, FedEx Express provides shipping services to clients for delivering packages and freights. FedEx Express also offers trade services to its clients through the ocean as well as air cargo distribution. It also offers global trade data and customs clearance services that can be used as an effective tool by the customer for tracking and managing the import. Such facilities are used by different international trade advisory service providers to assist their customers. The company publishes specific data related to tax and customs duty information. The other segment, FedEx Ground, delivers parcels with the help of ground services.

Project proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Project proposal - Essay Example act is pertaining to the internal control assessment & accountability the management of the organization whereby the company is required to submit an internal control evaluation report pertaining to the procedures of financial reporting. In the modern context most of the organizations possess IT enabled Business & Financial Control systems and hence internal controls are largely related to IT governance. IT Governance is gradually forming deep roots into the corporate governance of businesses globally and hence best practices of IT Management like ITIL & COBIT are gaining popularity very rapidly across the world. In fact many organizations are now looking forward to implement integrated frameworks comprising of practices recommended by ITIL, COBIT and ISO 27001. The research proposal presented herewith is targeted to evaluate the feasibility, strengths & weaknesses of COBIT framework when deployed as an Internal Auditing System for IT Governance as a part of the overall Corporate Gov ernance system of an organization. [Findlaw.com. 2002] IT Management is no longer a small management system operating in Silo by a group of professionals that are primarily technical administrators & experts. With more and more organizations migrating to IT enabled business process management systems, the components & building blocks of IT Infrastructure & Applications have gradually achieved the critically of being the most valuable assets of the organization but least understood from the governance perspective. In this context the organizations having high dependence on IT enabled business processes need to practice an effective IT Risk Management system to comply with regulatory requirements and manage the business dependence on IT effectively. Hence, it is mandatory in the modern business era that IT Management & Governance becomes the responsibility of the executive management and the board of directors of an organization. The advantages of having strong & well managed IT

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management Research Paper

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management - Research Paper Example Students misbehave in the classroom for a variety of reasons. Some students may be suffering from lack of attention at home, divorce of parents, or a need for attention from their teacher. The students who misbehave in class need a structured classroom management plan to assist with their behavior and learning. Students are normally attentive when the classroom lesson is presented in stimulating and insightful ways. Group interaction is an excellent way to manage students who misbehave in the classroom. The classroom management plan should include solutions for resolving issues with students who misbehave; the lessons should be presented in ways that creates interactions between the students and the teacher. A classroom management plan is an organized plan that assists the teacher in managing his or her classroom. Classroom management plans are designed in various forms, such as computer-aided instruction, student groups, or student interaction with the teacher. When establishing a c lassroom management plan, the teacher must analyze the classroom lessons as well as the classroom environment. These are two important elements that guide the way the classroom learning is structured. The classroom management plan is designed in an effort to establish ways to structure the classroom lessons for an effective learning environment. Creating a classroom management plan gives the teacher an outline of how the lessons should be presented to the class. ... Along with the teacher, the students are affected by the use of a classroom management plan; it helps the students understand organization skills, management skills, and classroom structure. My Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management My personal philosophy of classroom management has ultimately been influenced or shaped from my home, social, and educational experiences. In my home environment, I was required to study as soon as I came home from school. I was not allowed to play until my studying and homework was completed. I understood this structure, and I followed this plan as soon as I came home. My social structure or environment shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. I was always told to study hard and follow a plan for managing my class assignments and homework. In school, I learned the proper ways to study. My educational experiences shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. My classroom setup was a mixture of student teams, computer-aided inst ruction, and individual learning. The teacher allowed us to interact with the lesson by responding to questions and providing our explanations for the assignment. Theoretical Perspective for my personal theory of Classroom Management My theoretical perspective that best describes my personal theory of classroom management is B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory. According to B.F. Skinner, â€Å"learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to

Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis Assignment

Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis - Assignment Example More specifically, the trustees want to know the following: (1) The impacts of having a small number of stocks in the portfolio and concentrating the investment in large stocks. (2) The benefits of moving some of the investment to international securities. (3) How derivatives may be used to enhance returns and manage risk. The answer to the first concern depends on the answer to the following basic question in the minds of the charity's trustees: what is the highest possible and most realistic annual return that the investment portfolio could earn It is not easy to predict the return of a portfolio because many things could happen to funds once these are invested. To find out the realistic historical returns for various investments, investors consult the Equity and Gilt Study of Barclays (2006), which has studied this for over half a century. Figures 1 (68) and 2 (69) show how equities performed better compared to gilts and T-bills over the last century since a 100 investment in equities at end-1899 was worth 1,340,324 by end-2005. The same investment in gilts was worth 20,159 and in T-bills 17,021. When adjusted for inflation, the investment in equities would be worth 22,426; gilts 337; and T-bills 284 (Barclays, 2006, p. 62-63). This proves that the strategy of investing in equities would give the highest and most realistic return. In the year 2005, for example, equities returned 18.8% for the year, much higher than gilts (6%) and T-bills (2.7%), all figures having been adjusted for inflation. The Barclays Equity Income Index is derived from the yield of the FTSE All-Share Index because in their view, this is "the most representative method of evaluating equity performance over the period" (Barclays, 2006, p. 59). Given these pieces of information, what would be the best return that the UK charity could expect from its investments The attractiveness of any investment, whether bonds, securities, real estate, or a corner street business, depends on two variables: (1) Expected return: how much the investment would earn over a period of time; and, (2) Risk: the uncertainty that the investment would earn the expected return. One finance model used to assess an investment's attractiveness based on these two factors is the Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM,1 which equates expected return with the market return, the risk free rate, and the relative behaviour - defined as beta () - of the price of a security relative to the behaviour of the market. The basic criterion of CAPM is straightforward: an investment is attractive if its risk premium (the additional return over the risk-free rate) is equal to or higher than the risk of the market. Given the charity's investment portfolio = 1.03, the investment gave a return that was 3% higher than the All-Share Index return. If the All-Share Index had an 18.8% return, meaning a 1 million investment was worth 1,018,800 by year-end, the charity's investment would earn an extra 3% and would be worth 1,019,364 instead. The , however, has a downside: if the All-Share Index dropped, the value of the charity's investments would drop by an additional 3%. Why this happens is explained by risk, which affects the return of any investment. Every investment is exposed to two types of risk: the risk affected by the factors to which the business is

Combining risk assessment and value engineering (this is project risk Essay

Combining risk assessment and value engineering (this is project risk management class) - Essay Example ng is an important technique that helps in the identification and elimination of unnecessary costs in construction, product design, manufacturing, operations, practices and processes. For over sixty years of existence and use, value engineering is referred to by different names. While some people refer to it as value engineering, others call it value analysis, value methodology or value management. However, the reference to value engineering in different terminologies does not change its concept. The concept of value engineering as a systematic process can be used to improve a projects value through a critical analysis of its functions by a multidisciplinary team. Value refers to the equivalent in goods, money, services or a fair return for something exchanged. It is most often represented in the relationship indicated below: The function is measured by the customer performance requirements while the resources are measured in labour, materials, time, price and many other elements that are essential for the accomplishment of the function. In a value methodology, the focus is primarily on how to improve value through the identification of alternative ways of reliably accomplishing a function that meets the customers performance expectations. A job plan in the systematic process of value engineering outlines the specific steps used to evaluate an issue and attain the maximum feasible alternatives that address the issue in consideration. The issue being considered could be a particular event risk(s) that potentially can be dealt with through value engineering in the context of risk assessment (Cretu, Stewart and Berends, 2011). The analysis of functions, as done by a multidisciplinary team through the application of value engineering, helps to improve the value of a project. The multidisciplinary team is a value engineering team that comprises the project stakeholders and experienced professionals. The team members are chosen based on their experience and expertise

Signature Assesment Essay Example for Free

Signature Assesment Essay As I come to the end of my first master’s course, it certainly does come with a price of perfection, and perfection I have not found yet. I feel overwhelmed with words and the usage of APA style. My professor Dr. Kris Lichtanski says that scholarly writing is a must when one enters the Psychology field. I have finally understood what scholarly writing is truly about. Every time I hear the words â€Å"scholarly writing†, I think of Aristotle and Socrates for some reason, These two famous men from the beginning of antiquity, have impacted our souls and minds with such great wisdom, such as education and medical teachings that one can only imagine and this imagination for me is what I will sent out to achieve and finally turn an imagination into a dream, which will then turn into scholarly writing and finally into reality. So, traveling through time from antiquity to reality is what I call a major road trip. I hope to achieve this skill of writing, and possess the qualities that I have learned from my first mentor to the turning of the tassel. I find myself forming an opinion already of what one must do to obtain a degree of higher education from NCU and it truly scares me. I feel that as I write this first assignment I will take the actionable goals, use the intermediate and immediate in a positive manner, use personal control, and demonstrate meaningful insight in the presentations of my activities with in each class. The assignment is broken down into three parts, program resources and a personal success plan and finally a motivation touchstone, as I started the master’s program I had a variety of assignments to do and with all the resources I have collected throughout the first course. I have compiled a variety of the resources and shall use them throughout the courses to come. My Program Resources 1. Building the Vision- Activity resources- Library Roadrunner Search Discovery, Writing Center –Smart Thinking online 24/7 tutorial service 2. Taming the Time Management Beast- Attack Your Day! Before It Attacks You, by Woods, Mark (Woods,) Entire Time Management Workbook- I will use this as a skill builder and plan to use the Mark Woods time course to help set my future goals. 3 Giving Credit Where Credit is Due-Northcentral Academic Integrity Tutorial Successful vs. unsuccessful paraphrases and () Basics of APA Style. This resource will be my Bible and my guiding strength and I can access this from the NCU website. 4. How to Find What You Need-http://library. ncu. edu/dw_template. aspx? parent_id=226 http://www. apa. org/topics/index. aspx. I will find theses skill builders, resources and I plan to use this as my main topic first on every assignment by researching all the topics in the NCU library 5. Thinking critically-. —I would like to us this skill every day in my life as well as the work I will do for NCU. I would like to use a thinking website to challenge my brain. I need thinking tips and using higher productivity as well as clarity of thought to write papers with integrity. 6. Preparing an Annotated bibliography-When I will prepare an annotated bibliography, I will use the NCU library as well as all the skill builders plus proof readers. 7. Creating Actionable Goals related to obtaining your Graduate Degree- All the goals that I plan to use will be strong and hopefully attainable; I think that all the sites that Mark Woods’s ideology may benefit and I feel with help from (my therapist)set my plan and work my plan in baby steps are better for me. References http://dx. doi. org/Retrieved from http://www. headscratchers. comhttp:// Woods, M. Attack your day before it attacks you Retrieved hhttp://ncuregistration. attackyourday. net) http://www. canberra. edu. au/studyskills/writing/bibliography- http://www. lib. purdue. edu/content/tutorials-scientific-paper http://www. organizeyourself. com www. criticalthinking. org http://7rulesofachievement. com/resources http://www. goalstoaction. com http://www. timemanagementtraininghq. com My Personal Success Plan | | | Skill| Skill Evaluation| Goals(Indicate if these goals are immediate or intermediate goals)| | | | | | | Skill| Skill Evaluation| Goals(Indicate if these goals are immediate or intermediate goals)| | Beginner| Familiar| Master| | Visualizing overall goals| 1| 1| 0| Intermediate goals-I have a hard visualizing any goal I attain. ( fear of failure)| Understanding how I can reach those goals at Northcentral| 1| 1| 0| Intermediate goals-I feel through solid guidance and outstanding support from my mentors, advisors and perseverance, I can achieve the degree that I want and be proud of myself. | Understanding and applying the Academic Integrity Policy| 2| 2| 1| Immediate goals- As I go through each activity and class, I will have a better understanding and shall apply the academic Integrity policy with/tp each paper that I write. | Applying APA citation| 1| 1| 0| Immediate goals- absolutely with every minute I write a paper, I will improve with the resources from NCU Library as well as a proof reader. | Read and analyze complex texts| 1| 1| 0| Immediate goals- I shall try understand and improve my reading comprehension with complex texts. | Perform an online library search| 1| 2| 1| Immediate goals- each time I perform an online search, I am constantly improving my skills with the ROADRUNNER Search. | Manage time| 2| 1| 0| Immediate/Intermediate goals demonstrate personal control – with/out medication—as long as triggers do not affect me and slow my anxiety/depression. I will need assistance with this as well. | Formulate actionable goals| 1| 1| 0| Intermediate- demonstrates positive and meaningful goals. Formulate actions that will be personal as well as productive. I would like to use some resources to attain these goals. | Self evaluate skills and progress| 2| 2| 1| Immediate/Intermediate goals. -I would like to self-evaluate my goals on a daily basis, because my therapist says this is part of my recovery. I also, will be able to evaluate my skills because I will see my academic progress as well. | My Motivation Touchstone My third and final submission for will be submitted on a separate file as indicated by the activity sheet.

Case Study of Managing patient suffering Opoid constipation

Case Study of Managing patient suffering Opoid constipation This case study outlines the clinical management of a client with a problem with Opioid induced constipation. Opioid analgesics (narcotics) cause constipation in most people. Opioids slow down the stool as it passes along the intestinal tract. This causes the stool to become hard. If you have hard stools, have difficulty passing bowel movements and the movements become infrequent, then you have constipation. Constipation can be very bothersome and last as long as you are taking narcotics on a regular basis. Therefore, it is important that we learn to manage our bowels effectively. Throughout the analysis the anonymity and confidentiality of this patient will be protected as outlined by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) and therefore the patient will be referred to as Mark Scott. Additionally consent was gained by Mark to allow the author to use his case for my assessment. History of present illness Mark Scott is a 64 year old gentleman who is 2 days post op following a Right Total Hip Replacement (RTHR). Total hip replacement involves removal of a diseased hip joint and replacement with a prosthetic joint. Whilst doing the medications Mark confided in the nurse that he may have a problem with his bowels and that he may be constipated. To enable the nurse to assess Mark she would have to understand constipation, it helps to know how the colon, or large intestine, works. As food moves through the colon, the colon absorbs water from the food while it forms waste products, or stool. Muscle contractions in the colon then push the stool toward the rectum. By the time stool reaches the rectum it is solid, because most of the water has been absorbed. Constipation occurs when the colon absorbs too much water or if the colons muscle contractions are slow or sluggish, causing the stool to move through the colon too slowly. As a result, stools can become hard and dry. Mark asked the nurse if there was anything she could give him to ease the discomfort he was experiencing, However as Mark has presented with a new problem with the possibility of him needing medication, the nurse would first need to undertake a holistic assessment of Mark. The purpose of assessment is to allow the nurse to examine all relevant factors of the problem and allow her to make the decision of whether prescribing a patient group directive (PGD) is an appropriate intervention (Humphries, 2002). Consider the patient When Mark stated he thought he was constipated, it was important to ascertain his own interpretation of what this meant. For example, Wondergerm (2005) states that for some, constipation may mean opening their bowels less than three times a day. On the other hand, constipation may mean opening of the bowels less than three times a week. There appears to be a general consensus that the range for normal bowel activity lies somewhere between three bowel motions daily to one bowel motion every three days. However, it is important to remember that a change from three bowel motions a day to one every three days may represent a significant change for the patient, despite remaining within the normal limits (Peate, 2003). Mark felt he was constipated because he hadnt had a bowel movement in the last five days. On further questioning it emerged that these symptoms had been going on approximately 4 days before his surgery and when he did have a bowel movement he had difficulty passing the stools and often had to strain. Mark also stated that the stools were very hard and painful to pass, the symptoms that Mark presented with were consistent with the side effects of constipation, However the cause of constipation is multifactoriol with many influencing factors that need to be investigated and eliminated wherever possible (Banks,1998). In Marks case it was the analgesia he was taking to control his pain post operatively. During Marks assessment, enquiries were made as to whether he was experiencing any other symptoms with his constipation, such as blood in the stools, rectal bleeding and/or mucus discharge, recent weight loss, abdominal pain or alternating constipation/diarrhoea. Edwards and Bentley (2001) state that this is important during history taking as all of these symptoms are common of colon and rectal cancer and the possibility of this disease should be in the mind of the nurse looking after Mark. Mark assured the nurse that he hadnt experienced any of the symptoms mentioned although he did have a little discomfort in the area of his abdomen, lots of wind but no pain. If Mark had any of these symptoms the nurse would have to liase with the patients consultant. No medication would have been given by the nurse at this stage. This is because as a nurse, she is accountable for her actions and omissions (NMC, 2008). For example, if Mark was to have a bowel obstruction such as a tumour which is c ontra-indicated for most laxatives, and the nurse had prescribed such medication then Mark may believe he has been harmed by her careless prescribing. Additionally failure to refer a patient for more senior opinion is considered to fall below an acceptable standard of care (Griffith and Tengnah, 2004). It is important to ascertain how much dietary fibre and fluids are being taken by the patient as high fibre content is effective in increasing stool weight and bowel movement frequency, ultimately preventing constipation. Additionally, low fluid intake has been associated with constipation, slowing colonic transit time or reducing stool output (Walker, 1997). Current medication regimes, whether prescribed or purchased over the counter is essential information and can assist in identifying any drugs that may be responsible for causing constipation (Annells and Koch, 2002). Additionally, a history of medicine taking should include noting whether a patient has any allergies. For example, arachis oil enemas have a nut basis and may cause allergic reactions (Edwards and Bentley, 2001). Pre and post operatively Mark had been prescribed analgesics in the form of Paracetamol, codiene and ibuprofen for his pain. He had been taking these regularly daily. Mark wasnt taking any other medication, wasnt allergic to anything he knew of and hadnt purchased anything over the counter for his constipation. Opioids are a common cause of constipation and act by increasing intestinal smooth muscle tone, by suppressing forward peristalsis and reducing sensitivity to rectal distension. This results in delayed passage of faeces through the gut (Fallon and ONeil, 1998). Through assessment together with eliminating possible causes and sinister abnormalities, the nurse diagnosed Mark with constipation secondary to opioid use. Which Strategy/Product Where the patient complains of feeling constipated and is experiencing discomfort, a rectal examination (DRE) is indicated in order to detect a loaded rectum and to determine which choice of product to administer, and this will depend on the consistency of the stool found on examination (Edwards and Bentley 2001). Digital rectal examination (DRE) is an invasive procedure and should only be performed after completion of a full assessment of constipation. The Royal College of nursing guidelines (2006) recommend that nurses undertaking digital examination are appropriately trained. Furthermore consent to this procedure needs to be gained as outlined by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) Further to examination, it emerged that no stools could be felt within the rectum. However, Edwards and Bently (2001) suggest that it is anatomically impossible to conclude that the rectum is empty through simple digital examination, as the length of the rectum is approximately 15cm and is th erefore beyond the reach of the longest index finger. Therefore due to Marks history, the preferred medical route will therefore guide the need to administer a laxative. Amongst the stimulant laxatives are senna and bisacodyl. These laxatives stimulate the intestinal mucosa, promoting the secretion of water and electrolytes, enourging peristalsis (Duncan, 2004). Timby et al (1999) recommend that stimulant laxatives be used only for short periods of time to allow normal bowel function to return as soon as possible as long term use may result in diarrhoea and hypokalaemia. However Marks constipation may remain for as long as he is using opioids or could re-occur. Therefore this type of laxative may not be sufficient. Osmotic laxatives act by retaining fluid within the bowel that they are administered to or by drawing fluid from the body. They include lactulose, macragols, magnesium salts, rectal phosphates and rectal sodium citrate (Peate, 2003). A phosphate enema would not be used in this case because this is usually used prior to radiology, endoscope and surgery for rapid bowel clearance. Additionally Mark stated he didnt want to go through having an enema, and would prefer something he could take orally. Lactulose is non-absorbable and acts by softening and increasing water absorption. This laxative may take up to 72 hours to act and bloating, flatulence, cramping and an unpleasant taste have all been reported side effects, (Banks, 1998). Additionally, lactulose may not be suitable in constipation where gut motility is impaired such as opioid use in Marks case, unless accompanied by a stimulant such as Senna. However, choosing a senna/lactulose combination, means that taken together they will act at different times (Edwards and Bently, 2001). However, evidence comparing different types of laxative is very limited. Nonetheless, a study was found comparing a low dose macragol with lactulose for the treatment of constipation. The treatment was 1-3 sachets of compound oral powder (movicol) versus 10-30g of lactulose daily. After 4 weeks patients in the movicol group had a mean number of stools and a lower median daily score for straining than the lactulose group (Attar et al, 1999).This concluded that movicol was more effective and better tolerated than lactulose in the treatment of constipation. This would then justify prescribing movicol for Mark, therefore increasing the frequency of bowel movements and reducing straining. However the Nurse had to get Marks doctor to prescribe Movicol as it is not listed in Patient group directive, so the nurse gave Mark 10mls of lactulose and 2 senna until this was prescribed. Negotiate contract In implementing the strategy the consent and agreement of the patient is paramount, and may be viewed as a shared contract between patient and nurse. This is known as concordance. It is important for nurses to adopt this approach to administering medication, as this directly involves patients in decision making about their treatment. It must be remembered that nurses owe a duty of care to their patients. Duty of care is a legal requirement owed by one person to another to take reasonable care not to cause harm. The courts have held that the nurse-patient relationship gives rise to such a duty (Kent v Griffiths, 2001). Additionally, common law decided from cases requires that nurses take care when prescribing, otherwise, a patient harmed by careless medicine administration can sue for damages by claiming negligence (Griffith and Tengnah, 2004). It is essential therefore that duty of care extends to quality of prescribing, including, assessment, advice and information giving, record ke eping, decision making along with medication selection and calculation, as well as communication with the patient and other professionals. The patient needs to know what is expected of them in carrying out the treatment plan and when the nurse needs to reassess the situation. Additionally the patient needs to know what the medication is for, how long it takes to work and how to take the product (Edwards and Bentley, 2001). In Marks case it was explained to him that he would be prescribed a product by the name of movicol for his constipation and evidence found on its appropriateness along with possible side effects for his condition was explained. He would receive 20 sachets with a view to taking 1-3 sachets a day. It was explained he would have to mix 1 sachet with 125ml of water (British National Formulary, BNF 2009) and the importance of drinking 2lts of fluid was explained along with the effects that movicol will have within his bowel. Mark was alerted to any know side effects of movicol as these could be alarming to the patient if that information is not given, for example, abdominal distension, pain and nausea. However this does not mean that Mark will experience any of these. Nonetheless, this information is essential and Mark was told to report any adverse effects to the nurse. Record keeping The NMC (2005) guidelines for records and record keeping, state that good record keeping is integral to our role as records are sometimes called in evidence in order to investigate a complaint. In light of this all details, including full assessment details, along with care plans which were both planned and executed, plans for review, and medications and prescriptions given, were all entered into Marks patient held records immediately. Additionally this was also recorded within notes in Nursing Notes. Marks own consultant was also informed of this information in order to assist with prescribing and also to avoid polypharmacy and adverse events from drug interactions. The nurse also ensured the drug card was signed as per NMC guidelines. Complementary Therapies Complementary therapies are treatments used to support regular or orthodox treatments such as medication. These treatments may be used to reduce stress and anxiety or may be used to help with problems such as pain, nausea and constipation. Abdominal massage has been shown to be effective as a marginally effective laxative regimen in one trial. However, massage is extremely demanding on staff time, and consequently is unlikely to be of widespread benefit to the patient. Acupuncture, One small within subject trial of sham versus true acupuncture showed some benefit in chronically constipated children, but acupuncture has never been tested for opioid-induced constipation. Herbal preparations such as Senna, a laxative, may be used as pods or a tea. Rhubarb stems (not the leaf, which contains poisonous oxalic acid), chrysanthemum stems, and peach leaves have laxative properties. Many preparations promoted as herbal or natural laxatives are in fact bulk forming preparations which should be avoided in opioid-induced constipation. However, if possible medication can be avoided as bowel movements may be facilitated if done at the same time every day, by mobility and physical activity, and increased dietary fibre and fluid intake. However, these approaches alone may not benefit all patients, especially those with severe constipation. Nevertheless, deficiencies in physical activity, and fluid and fibre intake should be addressed. Physical constraints and barriers should also be rectified, and commonsense toilet practices should be reinforced, such as not suppressing the urge to defecate, and using public washrooms if out of the house rather than waiting to return home. Summary The above account highlights that in the clinical management of medicine administration, it is vital that this is undertaken in an informed and systematic manner. This can be achieved through the selection and application of an assessment tool and by having clarity about the decision-making framework used to underpin Evidence Based Practice. The NMC emphasises that the administration of medicines is an integral and essential entry criteria for the Councils Professional Register (NMC, 2008). Furthermore, the Code of Professional Conduct clearly states that medication administration must not be seen solely as a mechanistic task but as a task that requires thought and the exercise of professional judgement (NMC, 2008). For nurses to practice competently, they must ensure that they possess the knowledge, skills and abilities required for lawful, safe and effective practice. They must acknowledge their professional competence and only undertake practice and accept responsibilities for those activities in which they are competent (NMC, 2008). The NMC guidelines of professional conduct (2008) require that nurses must maintain knowledge and competence. This can partly be achieved by the use of reflection on prescribing and administrating decisions. Word Count 3012 References Annells M Koch T (2002) Faecal impaction: Older peoples experiences and nursing practice. British Journal of Community Nursing. 7 (3)118-126 Banks A (1998) An overview of constipation: causes and treatment. International Journal of Palliative Nursing 4 (6) 271-275. Duncan J (2004) The management of constipation by nurse prescribers. Nurse prescribing 2 (2) 66-69. Edwards M Bentley A (2001) Nursing management of constipation in housebound older people. British Journal of Community Nursing, 6 (5) 245-252. Fallon M, ONeil (1998) ABC of Palliative Care. London, BMJ books. Griffith R, Tengnah C (2004) A question of negligence: the law and the standard of prescribing. Nurse Prescribing 2 (2) 90-92. Hardy, D., Smith, B. (2008) Decision Making in Clinical Practice. British Journal of Anaesthetic Recovery Nursing. Vol. 9 (1), pp. 19-21 Humphries J (2002) Assessment and evaluation in nurse prescribing, 2nd ed Palgrave, Hampshire. Kent v Griffiths (2001) QB 36 IN Griffith R, Tengnah C (2004) A question of negligence: the law and the standard of prescribing. Nurse Prescribing 2 (2) 90-92. Kyle, G. (2007) Bowel care, part 5 a practical guide to digital rectal examination. Nursing Times; 103: 45, 28-29. Nursing and Midwifery council (2008) Guidelines for records and record keeping. London. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008) The Code: Standards of Conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London, NMC. Wondergerm F (2005) Relieving constipation. Journal of community nursing, 5 12-16 Peate I (2003) Nursing role in the management of constipation: use of laxatives. British Journal of Nursing. 12 (19) 1130-1136. RCN (2006) Digital Rectal Examination and Manual Removal of Faeces: Guidance for Nurses. London: RCN Timby B, Schere J, Smith N (1999) Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing. 7th edn. , Philadelphia, Lippincott. Walker R (1997) Diagnosis and treatment of constipation. Practice Nursing 8 (4) 20-22

Essay --

In "The Second Coming" by William Butler Yeats, Yeats uses allusions, symbols, and vivid imagery to convey his cynical and despondent tone about the new evil, corrupt, and immoral era following World War I. Yeats begins the poem with an image of a "widening gyre" or a vortex of spiraling motion. This image immediately implies the chaos and disorder in a society that is spiraling wider and wider out of control and becoming more corrupt. Yeats elaborates on and supports this idea with "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold" and "Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" to further symbolize how the universe is collapsing with confusion and the absence of principles. Yeats also implies the danger and disaster to come with an image of a falcon who "cannot hear the falconer" to further illustrate suspense and danger that humanity is facing. This image also suggests that similar to the falcon that is flying around in a "widening gyre, society has wandered too far away from its morals and is doomed with curruption. Yeats continues his cynical tone with "everywhere the ceremony of innocenc...

Ethnobotany of the Tomato Plant :: Botany Plant Genetics

Ethnobotany of the Tomato Plant The origin of the cultivated tomato is somewhat unclear. Ethnobotanists and geneticists however have attempted to track down the centre of domestication. "The genus Lycopersicon- the botanical group to which the tomato belongs- is native to western South America, and only Lycopersicon lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, the wild cherry form of the cultivated species, has spread throughout Latin America and the New World Tropics. Second, the tomato was not known in Europe until after the discovery and conquest of America, descriptions and drawings first appearing in the European herbals of the middle and late 16th century. Third, these writings clearly reveal that man had been trying to improve the size of the tomato and the diversity of its shape and color. These achievements over the wild ancestors were almost certainly achieved by early man in America. Mexico appears to have been the site of domestication and the source of the earliest introductions, and the wild cherry tomato was proba bly the immediate ancestor." As a matter of fact, "the bulk of the historical, linguistic, archaeological and ethnobotanical evidence favours Mexico, particularly the Vera Cruz-Puebla area, as the source of the cultivated tomatoes that were first transported to the Old World. " Although the origin of the tomato is somewhat clouded, there is no doubt that the cultigen of today has had a long journey. When the tomato finally made its way to Europe, the public responded with fear for several probable reasons. First, tomatoes belong to the family Solanaceae, which includes Datura and Belladonna - the deadly nightshade, among other poisonous species. The assumption was that tomatoes must be poisonous as well. Second, in Germany, because of its terrible smell, the tomato plant was rejected. The tomato acquired names like the "Devil's wolf apple." This great fear of toxicity of the tomato plant probably prevented its utilization for many centuries. Today, the toxicity of the Solanaceae family has been studied extensively, and it has been found that most of the species are posionous. Obviously Belladonna and Datura are among the more poisonous members of the family, but the potato plant is also quite toxic. Lycopersicon spp., which are less toxic than the other members of the family, contain tomatine, a toxic glycoalkaloid . Many wild relatives of the tomato such as Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. chilense, L. peruvianum, L. hirsutum, and L. pimpinellifolium are among the richest genetic pools available for cross breeding.

War of 1812 Essay -- essays research papers

The War of 1812   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war of 1812, supposedly fought over neutral trading rights, was a very peculiar conflict indeed. Britain's trade restrictions, one of the main causes, were removed two days before the war started; the New Englanders, for whom the war was supposedly fought, opposed it; the most decisive battle, at New Orleans, was fought after the war ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Napoleonic wars, Britain and France had disrupted US shipping, confiscated American goods, taking US seamen into the British navy, and both sides had blockaded each other's ports. This caused great annoyance to American traders, and Britain's abduction of American sailors especially caused great uproar and indignation at home. Many called for war, although it is interesting to note that it was southerners and westerners, the so-called war hawks led by Clay and Calhoun, who supported war who were least affected by Britain's actions. Some historians attribute this to their desire to take British Canada and Spanish Florida in the process of war. The Republican administration, traditionally supportive of France, finally declared war on Britain in 1812, ironically two days after Britain had lifted their trade embargo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two and a half years of fighting commenced, and when the peace treaty was eventually signed in Ghent, there was no mention whatsoever of neutral rights. The treaty gave neither si...

Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas

Name: John Kindley| Class: GH AP Y (Even)| Date: November 3rd, 2012| Chapter 12, Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200 – 1500| Pages 306 – 331| | Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200 – 900:| | * Remarkable civilization created| | * Different language + politics, but unified by material culture, religious beliefs + practices, and social structure| Classic Period| * Classic period (built upon Olmec and other civilizations)| | * Social classes with distinct roles| * Hereditary politics + religious elites controlled towns + villages| | Teotihuacan:| | * Powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B. C. E. – 750 C. E. )| Religion| * Religion = worshipped many gods + lesser spirits, Sun + Moon| | * Human sacrifice = viewed as sacred duty to the gods and essential| | to the well-being of society| Farming| * Chinampas = raised fields along lakeshores to increase agriculture| Politics| * No evidence for single ruler; alliances between elite f amilies| | The Maya:|Location| * Maya = civilization concentrated in the Yucatan Peninsula, | | Guatemala, and Honduras, but never unified| | * Contributed mainly in math, astronomy, and the calendar| | * High pyramids + palaces = meant to awe the masses that came| Decoration| * Maya = loved decoration| | * Infused warfare with religious meaning| | * Society = patrilineal| Contributions| * Devised elaborate calendar system, concept of 0, and writing| End of Classic Era| * Maya cities declined due to struggle for resources, which lead to| | class conflict and warfare| | | | | | | | | | * Connection with the Mesoamerican societies due to learning about the Aztecs in grade 8| * Have visited Mayan cities in Mexico, and have seen temples in real life| * Question: didn’t the Arabs develop the concept of 0? | | | | The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900 – 1500:| | * No single explanation for fall of Teotihuacan and Mayan centers| | The Toltecs:| | * Powerful postclassic e mpire in central Mexico (900 – 1175 C. E. )| Origins| * Origins = unknown (either satellite or migrant populations)| | * Used military conquest to create powerful empire|Reason for decline| * Fell by internal power struggles and military threat from the north| | The Aztecs:| | * Altepetl = ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica that was the | | common political building block of that region| Society + Politics| * Calpolli = group of up to hundred families that served as a building| | block of an altepetl (controlled land allocation + taxes + local religious life)| | * Tenochtitlan = capital of Aztec Empire; in an island in lake Texcoco| | Mexico City created on ruins of Tenochtitlan| * Aztecs = AKA Mexica, created empire (1325 – 1521 C. E. )| | * Aztecs forced defeated peoples to provide goods + labor as tax| Aztec Women| * Women = held lots of power; held in high esteem; held positions| | like teachers and priestesses; seen as founders of lineages, including| | the royal line| | * Merchants become rich, but cannot become high nobility| Economic systems| * Tribute system = system in which defeated peoples were forced to| | pay tax in forms of goods and labor; help development of large ities | | * Did not use money; used barter instead| | * Aztec religion = demanded increasing numbers of human sacrifice| * Connection to Aztecs as I learned about them in grade 8| * Noted the familiarities between the Mesoamerican societies, which also had distinct| differences as well| | | | Northern Peoples:| | * Classic period ends around 900 C. E. | | * Transfer of irrigation and corn agriculture -> stimulated development in Hohokam and Anasazi society| | Southwestern Desert Cultures:| | * Anasazi = important culture in southwest US (700 – 1300 C.E. )| | * Anasazi built multistory residences, and worshipped in | | subterranean buildings (called kivas)| Anasazi women| * Women = shared agricultural tasks, specialists in many crafts, | | responsible for food preparation and childcare| Anasazi region| * Anasazi = concentrate in Four Corners region| | Mound Builders: The Hopewell and Mississippian Cultures:| Political structure| * Chiefdom = form of political organization; ruled by hereditary leader| (Chiefdom)| who had control over collection of villages + towns; based on gift giving | | and commercial links| * Political organization + trade + mound building continued by the| | Mississippian culture (largest city = Cahokia)| Ansazi +| * Environmental changes caused destruction of Anasazi +| Mississippian| Mississippian cultures| Decline| | | | | Andean Civilizations, 200 – 1500| | * Environment = sucks for creating civilization| | * Amerindian peoples of Andean = produced some of the most| | socially complex + politically advanced societies in Western Hemisphere | | Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge|How they adapted| * Domestication of llamas and alpacas| | * Farmed at different altitudes to reduce risks from frosts| S ocial + political | * Ayllu = Andean lineage group or kin-based community| groups| * Ayllu = foundation for Andean achievement; members = obligated| | to help fellow members (thought as brothers and sisters)| | * Mit’a = Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help| | kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations | Gender distinction| * Men = hunting, military service, government| | * Women = textile production, agriculture, home| Harsh climates of Andean civilizations = similar to harsh environment of North American| settlers | * Anasazi + Mississippian culture = one of few civilizations that did not fall due to outside| pressures| | | Moche:| | * Moche = civilization of north coast of Peru (200 – 700 C. E. )| | * Built extensive irrigation networks + impressive urban centers| | dominated by brick temples| Political + social| * Did not establish formal empire nor unified political structure| structure| * Moche society = theocratic + st ratified; priests + military leaders | | had concentrated wealth + power|Decline of Moche| * Moche centers declined due to long-term climate changes| | * Wari = new military power, culturally linked to Tiwanaku| | * Wari contributed to the disappearance of the Moche| | Tiwanaku and Wari:| | * Tiwanaku = name of capital city and empire centered on the region| | near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 – 1000 C. E. )| | * Llamas = crucial for maintenance of long-distance trade relations| | * High quality of stone masonry| * Stratified society ruled by a hereditary elite| | * Used military to extend their power over large religions | | The Inca:| | * Largest and most powerful Andean empire (Cuzco = capital)| | * Initially a chiefdom -> turned in to military expansion in 1430s| | * Inca prosperity depended on vast herds of llamas + alpacas| | * Hereditary chiefs of ayllus included women| | * Had hostage taking system for politics| * Each new ruler began his reign with conques t (legitimize authority)| | * Khipus = system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate| | Andean peoples to transmit information| | * Did not produce new technologies; increased economic output| | * Civil war weakened the Inca on the eve of European arrival| | | | | | | | | | | | | * Noticed that primary gods for many societies were Sun gods and agricultural gods| * Pressures from inside took out the Inca society; similar to other societies| * Khipus = similar to the one that Aztecs used| | |

Consumer Sciences Education Essay

Puberty is the period when children experience various physical and emotional changes in their bodies. Puberty comes with psychological effects that affect the teen’s interaction at school, with their peers and parents. Puberty Puberty is the stage in children’s lives when they experience physical changes through which their bodies eventually develop into adult bodies that are capable of reproducing. It is triggered by hormonal signals that stimulate the growth, function and change in different parts of the body, including the reproductive organs, breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and the brain depending on the sex (Allison, 2000). Puberty has various psychological effects within the school context, peers and parents. Within the school context puberty has wide psychological effects like searching identity and role confusion. It impacts their choice of career, sports activities, work schedule and tend to rebellious to the administration. It has been noted that adolescents prefer more liberal schools. At the same time the transition for example to high school has various effects on their academic achievement (Steinberg, 2001). During puberty, adolescents have very high regard for their peers. They measure who they are, their morals and lifestyles against them. Young people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed by their peers, and yet also to become individuals. This desperate need for acceptance may explain why many teens engage in substance abuse and sexual activities. According to Allison, (2000, 54), adolescents tend to heed to advice from peers than from teachers and parents. It is notably however, the relationship between a teen and his or her peers has great impact on their self esteem. According to Steinberg, (2001, 67), parent-adolescent conflict increases during puberty. Conflict has been found to be most evident in interactions between adolescent girls and their mothers and relatively between boys and fathers. Many adolescents feel that the parents do not understand them and that they have different lives and interests. They also feel that the parents cannot guide them properly through this â€Å"stormy† period because they do not face the same challenges (Allison, 2000). In conclusion, there need to be a mutual understanding between parents and adolescents as puberty is a sensitive stage and needs to be handled with care by both parties. Only this way that both will minimize the unnecessary conflicts and promote understanding. Reference Allison, Barbara. (2000). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education: Vol 18, No. 2 Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology: Vol 52: 83-110.

Humanitarian Intervention Essay

The United Nations is an international organization that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the United Nation’s preamble, it states the organization is â€Å"determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.† However, the U.N. can often be ineffective and it has been an ongoing debate between the world’s leaders whether or not intervention is justified when inhumane acts are committed in foreign lands. Too many human beings have been victims of violence, rape and/or other crimes on the U.N.’s watch all because the organization is not authorized to forcefully intervene in another country. The United Nations Security Council is responsible for preserving peace between nations and even within nations, and when a nation is com mitting atrocious acts against its citizens, the U.N. and other nations should have the right to intervene militarily to end those abuses. Just as if a teenager would take on the responsibilities of providing a home and food for themselves when they move out, a country assumes the responsibility of taking care of its citizens when it becomes independent. When a country proves to the outside world it is not capable of controlling its citizens and maintaining a peaceful nation, blue helmeted U.N. troops may invade these unstable regions. It would be inhumane for the U.N., any country, or any human to witness a population suffering and not try to interfere in some way. To look the other way would be immoral and an inhumane act of itself. When trying to obtain peace in foreign countries, peaceful negotiations are not always successful and other means are necessary. In the past, the U.N. has not been able to aid suffering populations militarily and has failed to protect the citizens from vicious crimes. In a survey taken by the U.N. in 2007, â€Å"which covered a total of 14 countries, plus the Palestinian Territories, [it] found that solid majorities in each of 12 national pools believe that the U.N. Security Council should have the right to authorize the use of military force to protect innocent people from genocide and other massive abuses, even against the will of their own government† (Lobe). Even with the support of the majority of world, the U.N. still does not have the authority to forcefully protect innocent people from cruelty. When tens of thousands of people were being killed in Darfur, and Rwanda, it was the U.N.’s responsibility to step in and save the lives of those living in a country at an unfortunate time. However, by following their rules of procedure, the U.N. troops were not allowed to use force unless fired upon. Since 2003, â€Å"tens of thousands of people have being killed and over one million people displaced† in Darfur and in 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda (Spectators to Genocide). â€Å"As a result of the massacre [in Rwanda], there are more than one million orphans† (Rust). But when the blue helmeted troops entered the Rwandan chaos, there was not much they could do to stop the genocides that were taking place right before their eyes. It took the United Nations three years after the United States declared the events taking place in Darfur as genocide to interfere, and even still the U.N. has done nothing beneficial to help those suffering in Darfur. Unable to seize weapons, the blue helmets stand by powerless. Had the United Nations involved itself earlier in Rwanda and Darfur and at full force, millions of people’s lives could have been saved or bettered. If the U.N. involved itself militarily, it is possible that the U.N. may have a few casualties, but the United States Army has lost a good number of soldiers over the years while fighting for causes they believe in. Sometimes sacrifices need to be made, and if a few members of the U.N. were lost in effort to protect the lives of thousands of people and potentially save a population, it would be an admirable sacrifice. It should be the world’s responsibility to defend civilians when its government is guilty of neglecting to â€Å"protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity† (Reeves). Had the United Nations acted quicker when the Hutus began killing the Tutsis, and put an end to the vicious attacks that took place during those days, future genocides could have possibly been prevented. Instead, the word genocide can be heard more frequently and little is being done to stop that. Thousands of lives could have been saved or altered had the United Nations been able to step in and militarily defend the helpless populations of Rwanda and Darfur. Justification of humanitarian intervention is essential in order to protect the lives and rights of those suffering from genocide. The U.N. should want a reputation of not allowing genocides to take place, but instead the organization is being criticized for the lack of effort and aid being lent to those countries in need. Over the years, too many lives have been lost or damaged due to genocide and other inhumane acts. Humanitarian intervention needs to be allowed when a country is not protecting its citizens, in effort to save the lives of populations. The United Nations’ ineffectiveness in the past should be enough of a reason for why humanitarian intervention should be justified. It is imperative that the United Nations be entitled to militarily involve itself when innocent lives are in danger. Works Cited â€Å"Charter of the United Nations: Preamble.† Welcome to the United Nations: It’s Your World. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. . Jim Lobe. â€Å"U.N.: POLL SHOWS BROAD SUPPORT FOR U.N. ACTION AGAINST GENOCIDE. † Global Information Network 6 April 2007 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Reeves, E. â€Å"Failure to Protect: International Response to Darfur Genocide. † Harvard International Review 29.4 (2008): 84-85. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Rust, Selina. â€Å"RWANDA: REMEMBERING THE UNFORGETTABLE. † Global Information Network 9 April 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Spectators to Genocide. † Wall Street Journal 2 Aug. 2007, Eastern edition: National Newspaper Abstracts (3), ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.

Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation Essay

Introduction A reading recount of Lauren E. McEntire, Tiffany M. Greene-Shortridge. (2011). Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation: How to Find the Right Leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 266-278. The recruitment and selection process system is getting difficult it is because of today’s affected society. To identify good leaders to fit into the organisation is it a time-consuming and expensive process. It is crucial for the organisation to stay competitive in the market as innovative leaderships played a crucial role. (Greene-Shortridge, Lauren E. McEnture and Tiffany M., 2011) The research shown that human resources (HR) professional practices to hire the right skills leader to fit into an innovative organisation, the overall succession played a vital role in the success for the organisation (Sarros, Cooper, & Santora, 2008; Shipton, Fay, West, Patterson, & Birdi, 2005). The objective of this article had emphaise the importance of develop an organisations’ recruitment and selection strategies to hire an innovative leaders to fit into the organisation. There are several recommendation selection tools such as common behavioral/psychological assessments, behavioral interviews and succession planning. Summary It is important to have a visionary innovative organisational leader because is the great impact for the organisation to scale greater heights. The HR professionals are greatly responsible to ascertain the individuals to play a significant role on the motivation and performance with other members. The leader’s role is to boost the morale and earned due respect and recognition as a model. Training and Development has been a tool for self-development. The turnover rate is remaining low and retention will be shown higher. There will be a direct impact on the leadership that led by a good leader. To identify the visionary innovative leaders is the most difficulties recruitment process for HR professional. Successful leaders are usually employed and not actively looking for a better opportunity. The most effective recruitment is identifying through the private/medial social networks, headhunting, peer referrals, professional societies or alumni list. Using peer referral is effective for the recruitment process it is because they were from the mid-to upper-level successful in the organisation and that make the organisational referral. The new recruitment techniques are through social networking media and websites. To make it more productive recruitment tool (a) use current employee as a search point (b) look for a competent and relevant key experience (c) use the internal referral within the organisation. It is a best practice to recruit internal as initial information is easily access. There are a few types of selection tools that are available; the most popular is the Innovation Potential Indicator to assess the capability to carry out innovative ideas in particular scenarios (Burch, Pavelis & Port, 2008). There are other types of selection assessment such as personality, motivation, experiences/biographical data and situational judgment which allow administering online. Within the assessment centers, the result allows for evaluation to relate the leadership capability and performance. Another selection tools is Person-Organisation Fit Assessments (P-O fit), it is to assess the compatibility between the individual and organisation. In accordance, this is a value-based selection tools to test the values of creativity and innovation. P-O fit relates to the attributes and competence, which between job satisfaction and commitment. Behaviorally Based Interviews has become a successful approach to predict a person through the past experiences. Usually interviewers will customer the situational questions to cater to the relevant past work experiences. Such answer allows the interviewer assess the candidates’ leadership skills or  special skills. Succession planning has been the most popular practice for large organisation. An effective succession plan can take a few years to identify an innovative leader within the organisation. The most challenging is keep close contact with current and future innovation leader needs and advance to a new role. Critique Strength In this article, author state a few points to recruit and select innovative leaders in various ways. The value of a great leader in the organisation and what is important for an innovative leader. The task is to build the organisation confidence, the vision, and culture and to know what kind of leader suit the organisation. The author clearly demonstrates in recruitment and selection of a good leaders it appears to be the traditionally way for HR professional. Recruit and groom the innovative leaders internally have continually shown to be a valuable investment (Groves, 2007; Hempel & Brady, 2006; Roshto, 1997). A good leader must be able to foresight and wisdom to enable the organisation to grow constantly. It allows the organisation to evolve into a new generation. The ideal candidates should have the competences or characteristics were deeming the most critical. (The Business Times, 2011) Weakness However, the author opinion on the behavioral based interview may be a traditional method for fair selection procedures (Moscoso, 2000; Salgado & Moscoso, 2002). But the author is unable to show the facts of the success rate of the retention of keys leader. Another tools that author state is the Innovation Potential Indicator (IPI) is to assesses the person capability for a particular environment (Burch, Pavelis, & Port, 2008) Link Relevant to the case study The case study â€Å"A Matter of Choice† objective is to identify who is the best person to lead Andre Pierrot’s empire (Teh & Girardi, 2010). The article has identified the recruit and selection of the innovative leader. The important of succession planning is to identify the ideal candidate to be seen as a leader, the leader must add value to the organisation. The candidate must express interest to do the job. (Dennis Carey, John J. Keller, and Michael Patsalos-Fox, 2010) The organisation has to clearly state what kind of leader they are looking for, the vision of an organisation. The focus group discussion has to list down the criteria, identify the best suited to fit into the organisation. Make use of the functional competency of leadership attributes to identify a leader. Conclusion Thus, succession planning is targeted within the organisation level. The new leader should share the organisation vision and mission. Once the new leader has been appointed, it allows the potential to be understudying the current leaders. The seamless change and transformation is benefit for the staff. Being a successor, it has to established leader who inspires many with her optimism, positive energy and nurturing demeanor (The Straits Tiimes, 2011).