Traducir Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, and Examples

The irregular verb traducir usually means to translate, although it can also mean to explain or to change one thing (not just a language) to another. Below youll find tables with the complete  traducir  conjugation. How to Conjugate Traducir?   Traducir conjugates in two ways that are different from regular -ir verbs: When the second syllable is stressed and -duc- is followed by an a or o, -duc- becomes -duzc-.When the second syllable is stressed and -duc- is followed by an e or i, -duc- becomes -duj-. The tenses  that are irregular are the present indicative, the preterite indicative, the present subjunctive, and the imperfect subjunctive. The other indicative tenses (imperfect, conditional, and conditional) are regular, as are the imperative mood (commands), the gerund, and the past participle. All other verbs ending in -ducir also follow this pattern. There are about a dozen such verbs, the most common being conducir (to drive or conduct), inducir (to induce), introducir (to insert or introduce), reducir (to reduce), reproducir (to reproduce), and seducir (to tempt). Present Indicative Tense of Traducir Yo traduzco I translate Yo traduzco libros infantiles. T traduces You translate T traduces el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traduce You/he/she translates Ella traduce los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traducimos We translate Nosotros traducimos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traducs You translate Vosotros traducs los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducen You/they translate Ellos traducen las instrucciones. Traducir Preterite The preterite is one of the two simple past tenses of Spanish. Its use is similar to the simple past tense in  English and is typically used for actions that had a clear end. Yo traduje I translated Yo traduje libros infantiles. T tradujiste You translated T tradujiste el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella tradujo You/he/she translated Ella tradujo los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros tradujimos We translated Nosotros tradujimos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros tradujisteis You translated Vosotros tradujisteis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujeron You/they translated Ellos tradujeron las instrucciones. Imperfect Indicative Form of Traducir The  imperfect tense  is Spanishs second simple past tense. It doesnt have a direct equivalent in English, although it is used in ways similar to used to verb or was/were verb -ing. Yo traduca I was translating Yo traduca libros infantiles. T traducas You were translating T traducas el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traduca You/he/she was translating Ella traduca los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traducamos We were translating Nosotros traducamos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traducais You were translating Vosotros traducais los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducan You/they were translating Ellos traducan las instrucciones. Traducir Future Tense The simple future of Spanish is similar to the will verb form of English. Yo traducir I will translate Yo traducir libros infantiles. T traducirs You will translate T traducirs el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traducir You/he/she will translate Ella traducir los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traduciremos We will translate Nosotros traduciremos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traduciris You will translate Vosotros traduciris los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducirn You/they will translate Ellos traducirn las instrucciones. Periphrastic Future of Traducir The periphrastic future in Spanish works like it does in English. A conjugated form of ir, the verb for to go, is followed by the infinitive. Yo voy a traducir I am going to translate Voy a traducir libros infantiles. T vas a traducir You are going to translate T vas a traducir el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella va a traducir You/he/she is going to translate Ella va a traducir los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros vamos a traducir We are going to translate Nosotros vamos a traducir las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros vais a traducir You are going to translate Vosotros vais a traducir los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a traducir You/they are going to translate Ellos van a traducir las instrucciones. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Traducir The Spanish gerund is also known as the present participle. It is used in compound verbs to form the progressive or continuous tenses. Gerund of Traducir traduciendo Is translating Ella està ¡ traduciendo los tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos. Past Participle of Traducir Past participles can be used to form the perfect tenses. They can also function as adjectives. Thus un libro traducido is a translated book. Participle of Traducir traducido Has translated Ella ha traducido los tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos. Conditional Form of Traducir Yo traducira I would translate Yo traducira libros infantiles si hablara francs. T traduciras You would translate T traduciras el documento para tus amigos si estuvieras aqu. Usted/l/ella traducira You/he/she would translate Ella traducira los trminos tcnicos si los entendiera. Nosotros traduciramos We would translate Nosotros traduciramos las noticias del espaol al ingls si hubiera algo nuevo. Vosotros traducirais You would translate Vosotros traducirais los discursos al lenguaje de seas si funcionaran las pantallas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traduciran You/they would translate Ellos traduciran las instrucciones si las comprendieran. Present Subjunctive of Traducir Que yo traduzca That I translate Santiago espera que yo traduzca libros infantiles. Que t traduzcas That you translate Me alegra que t traduzcas el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella traduzca That you/he/she translate Pablo quiere que ella traduzca los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros traduzcamos That we translate Es importante que nosotros traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros traduzcis That you translate Mara quiere que vosotros traduzcis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas traduzcan That you/they translate Alejandro prefiere que ellos traduzcan las instrucciones. Imperfect Subjunctive Form of Traducir Either one of the verb forms shown below can be used for the imperfect or past subjunctive, although the first is more common. Option 1 Que yo tradujera That I translated Santiago esperaba que yo tradujera libros infantiles. Que t tradujeras That you translated Me alegr que t tradujeras el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella tradujera That you/he/she translated Pablo quera que ella tradujera los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros tradujramos That we translated Era importante que nosotros tradujramos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros tradujerais That you translated Mara quera que vosotros tradujerais los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujeran That you/they translated Alejandro prefera que ellos tradujeran las instrucciones. Option 2 Que yo tradujese That I translated Santiago esperaba que yo tradujese libros infantiles. Que t tradujeses That you translated Me alegr que t tradujeses el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella tradujese That you/he/she translated Pablo quera que ella tradujese los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros tradujsemos That we translated Era importante que nosotros tradujsemos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros tradujeseis That you translated Mara quera que vosotros tradujeseis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujesen That you/they translated Alejandro prefera que ellos tradujesen las instrucciones. Imperative Forms of Traducir Imperative (Positive Command) T traduce Translate! Traduce el documento para tus amigos! Usted traduzca Translate! Traduzca los trminos tcnicos! Nosotros traduzcamos Lets translate! Traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls! Vosotros traducid Translate! Traducid los discursos al lenguaje de seas! Ustedes traduzcan Translate! Traduzcan las instrucciones! Imperative (Negative Command) T no traduzcas Dont translate! No traduzcas el documento para tus amigos! Usted no traduzca Dont translate! No traduzca los trminos tcnicos! Nosotros no traduzcamos Lets not translate! No traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls! Vosotros no traduzcis Dont translate! No traduzcis los discursos al lenguaje de seas! Ustedes no traduzcan Dont translate! No traduzcan las instrucciones!

Essay on Russia The Tsar Regime - 2020 Words

After the Tsar regime was overthrown in 1917, Russia experienced further discontent as its people carried out revolution and civil war (Modern World History: Russia 1905-41). From these occurrences, Russia then became the first communist state in the world. The Bolsheviks had become the ruling party after taking over the Provisional Government in the revolution of November 1917. Vladimir Lenin had been the leader of this party. There was a bitter civil war between the Communists who were the Reds and the opposition being the Whites. As a final point the Bolsheviks defeated their enemies in the Russian Civil War that lasted for 3 years and ended in 1920. When the Bolsheviks took over after winning the Civil War they had complete control†¦show more content†¦The Russians had given them peace terms that they found them difficult to comply to and too severe. War Communism had been implemented by Lenin in 1918 because of the needs of the Civil War. 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Report of Analyzing Business risk - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Report of Analyzing Business risk. Answer: Introduction This report is analyzing business risk assessments for GPT Group Stapled organization that is a leading real estate company of Australia. In this regard, the report is describing several criterias such as understanding business nature, industry, legal environment, external environmental factors, business risks, management and governance that may impact on an organizations profitability and performance. Nature of the entity GPT Group Stapled is a leading real estate company of Australia, which is registered as name of GPT Companyin Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The business operations of this company are related to investment in commercial, retail, industrial, hotel and office park properties through different segments such as office, retail, logistics, corporate and fund management. GPT Group Stapled Company is standing with $20 billion market capitalization and has substantial investor base more than 35000 investors (GPT, 2017). The financial management platform of the company is focused on Australias office and retail sector to enhance the growth profile and returns of the groups with leveraging the experience and skills of the team members. Companys financial management platform provides an important source of income through property management, fund management and development management charges. The financial management platform of the company comprises GPT Wholesale Office Fund (GWOF) with $6.6 billion and GPT Wholesale Shopping Centre Fund (GWSCF) with $3.8 billion to provide the high quality office assets in Australian real estate market (The GPT Group, 2017). Understanding the Industry The Australian real estate industry is growing with 4.2% annual growth rate with presenting 18% of the GDP. In Australia, the growth of the real estate market is supported by better supply chain in the industry (KPMG, 2017). Supply chain system in Australia is accountable for the real estate companies and procurement to make the effective portfolio strategy, analyzing the purchasing initiatives, monitoring and delivery of the strategic management procurement events on time. In this industry, the competent stakeholder management is demonstrated on the basis of effective customer and supplier engagement, communication, consultation, negotiation and reporting (Delacy, 2015). As well as the legal obligations and administrating policies also pursuant supply chain system to improve the procurement results. Furthermore, it is found that the major real estate players in Australia are Elders Real Estate, LJ Hooker, Harcourts Group, Barry Plant and Richardson Wrench. These players are devoted to provide luxurious services in real estate market of Australia, which are supported by different factors such as population growth, job creation, demographics, infrastructure, lifestyle and amenity (Macro, 2017). In the recent years, the population of Australia has been increased due to attractive business and educational environment. Due to these reasons the demand of houses in Australia has been increased and provided opportunities for the real estate companies in the country. As the Australian real estate market has greater opportunities for the investors, therefore it also attracts new real estate companies for investment. In this concern, there is threat of new competitors in the industry, which may impact on the established real estate companies. Understanding the legal environment The legal environment is a legal framework provided by the local or state authority of Australia in which a firm operates its operational activities. The Australian government encompasses different legislations such as statutory low, common law, company Act, Corporation Act and consumer law that are essential to operate the business activities in Australia (Trade Portal, 2017). Furthermore, the disability discrimination legislation, age discrimination legislation, rise in minimum remuneration and increased requirements for the organizations to recycle have been affected to the organizations operational activities. Furthermore, it is analyzed that the political environment of Australia is stable that is beneficial for the companies because in a stable political environment the organizations can flow the rights through to bottom line. Hence, the legal and political environment of the country has greater opportunities for the businesses. Understanding external environmental factors There are different types of external environmental factors that may impact on an organizations operational and functional activities. In this regard, different external environmental factors are discussed as below: a) PEST analysis PEST analysis is an important external factor, which may influence to an organizations operational activities. It is a process of classifying political, economic, social and technological factors of a specific territory that may impact on an organization. PEST analysis is used to generate better understanding about the external environment in which an industry want to operate its business activities (Kenis et al., 2012). In this concern, the PEST analysis of Australia is analyzed as below: Political factors: In Australia, the political environment is stable that is supportive for the growing industries as well as small enterprises. There are no conflicts and wars within the country that make this nation attractive for the foreign investor. Australia has attractive trading policies for the foreign investors with favorable conditions in their trades (Zalucki et al., 2011). Therefore, the stability of political environment creates opportunities for real estate organizations to expand business with lower risks. Economic factors: In recent years, it is observed that the GDP growth rate and employment growth rate of Australia are decreased that have impacted to Australians lifestyle. Due to decreased economic growth Australia does not seem to be favorable for the businesses. Furthermore, the Tax rates and interest rate in Australia are highly competitive in compare to its major economies. The competitive tax rate seems to be feasible for GPT Group Stapled Company to operate the business activities in a sound work environment (Queensland Government, 2017). In addition, the interest rate in Australia is less than 3%. Therefore, the real estate companies can get finance at lower cost for their daily operational activities. Social factors: As Australia is an educational hub for the international students and attracts to foreign workers, therefore the population of Australia tremendously increased in the recent years. Due to immigrants in Australia from different countries created religious diversity and generated different types of demand in the country. In order to meet housing demand of these customers, the real estate companies obtained opportunities to develop their business in the territory. Furthermore, the education standard of Australia is higher therefore the companies have needed to provide detailed information regarding their products and services because the higher educational environment has higher advantage for an organization in terms of the business operations (Kenis et al., 2012). Therefore, the social factors are favorable for GPT Group Stapled Company in Australia. Technological factors: Australia is a technological advanced economy in the world. Advancement of technology can reduce production cost, improve quality and produce innovative products. There are two government organizations namely CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) and ASTEC (Australian Science and Technology Council) that support to technological development in the country. Furthermore, there the information and communication technology is also on higher stage, which supports to the organizations to communicate easily with its stakeholders as well as customers (Queensland Government, 2017). In this way, it is analyzed that the technological factors are favorable for GPT Group Stapled Company to operate its business activities in the country. b) SWOT analysis SWOT analysis refers to strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for an organization. In this regard, the SWOT analysis of GPT Group Stapled Company is described in the below table: Strengths Better strategic expansion and development Better operating margin Standard quality of products and Weaknesses The profiles are not too diversified Diminishing rent of offices in malls and supermarkets Opportunities Development of the industry in growing and stable economy Scope of diversification it its profile Threats Strong competition in the market Indecisive microeconomic parameters c) Porters five forces analysis In the revolutionary business world Porters five forces analysis is used as a marketing strategy to analyze the external market. These five forces are discussed as below: Threat of New Entrants: It is analyzed that the Australian real estate market has better opportunities for the investors. Therefore, there are threats of new entrance in property market that may impact on the profitability of GPT Group Stapled Company. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Generally, the real estate companies buy their raw materials from different suppliers that may impact on margins their margins. In the real estate industry, bargaining power of the suppliers is higher that may impact on profitability of GPT Group Stapled Company (Kenis et al., 2012). Bargaining Power of Buyers: The buyers mostly wan to buy products and services at lower prices with superlative offers. In this regard, it is analyzed that the there are higher bargaining power of the buyers that have impact on the GPT Groups profitability. Threat from Substitute Products: In Australian real estate marker, there are big players who are providing the dwelling facilities same as GPT Group in the industry. The similar products and services may impact on the profitability of GPT Group. There is high range of substitute products and services in the real estate therefore the company should focus on core needs of the customers to compete in the market rather than what the customers are buying. Rivalry among the existing players: GPT Group is operating its operational activities among the existing big players in Australia, which may affect the overall profitability of the group. The competitive rivalry firm may force other organizations to drive down pieces. Hence, the Australian real estate market highly competitive due to existing rivalry firms. d) Other external factor There different external factor such as economic condition, availability of finance, interest rates, currency revaluation and inflation that have impact on real estate industry of the nation. In regard, it is observed that the economic condition of Australia is strong in the world (Trading Economics, 2017). Furthermore, there are various financial institutions and banks, which are providing the finance at the competitive interest rates for the investors. The below table is presenting the Australias competitive interest rate. In addition, the inflation rate of Australia has increased in the present year which have depreciated the currency and increased the cost of dwelling for the customers (Trading Economics, 2017). Due to increasing inflation rate the operational activities of real estate organizations have been affected in great manner. Understand objectives, strategies and Assessing Business Risks a) Industry development: The real estate industry is rapidly growing industry in the world with having the contribution 18% in the countrys GDP (KPMG, 2017). But, the industry is facing lack of expert labour in construction industries, which may impact on the organizations performance. b) New products and services: GPT Group introduces new and attractive for the customers but it also increase the liability of safe and eco friendly services in the market. c) Expansion of the business: In Australia, GPT Company is expanding its business activities but it also has some business risks. In this concern, it is identified that due to increasing population of migrants it become difficult to estimate the actual demand of property. In addition, the inflation rate and fluctuated exchange rate also generate the risks in expansion of the business operations. d) New accounting requirements: The technological development also changed the accounting requirements for the organizations. In this concern, the real estate organizations are facing improper accounting implementation and increasing costs in their accounting processes. e) Regulatory requirements: There are strict and standard rules and regulations for the real estate organizations to regulate their business activities. As well as, the increased legal exposures are also generating the problems in front of the real estate organizations. f) Current and prospective financing requirements: It is analyzed that the financial requirements of GPT Group has increased due to business expansion in recent years. As well as, the liabilities of the company also increased that would be risky for the company in making better financial performance in future. g) Use of IT: Protection of data and information is an essential technical tool for the organization. Due to developing IT the real estate organizations are facing incompatible processes and systems that may result of loss of relevant data. h) Effects of implementing a strategy: In an organization, the implementation of a new strategy has need of expertise for successful results. If, the strategy is implemented in improper way than there may be risk of business failure. Performing Analytical Procedures to understand Entitys Performance GPT Group Stapled: Calculation of Ratio Ratio 2014 2015 2016 Net Profit margin % 99.32 122.1 153.16 Return On Assets % 6.59 8.2 10.1 Return on Equity % 9.46 12.01 14.58 Assets Turnover (Average) 0.07 0.07 0.07 (Sources: GPT Group, 2017) L J Hooker: Calculation of Ratio Ratio 2014 2015 2016 Net Profit Margin % 3.47 5.15 6.53 Return on Assets % 5.09 7.71 9.16 Return on Equity % 5.97 9.06 10.79 Assets Turnover (Average) 1.47 1.49 1.4 (Sources: LJ Hooker, 2017) Interpretation: As per the given ratio, it can be concluded that the profitability ratio of the company in terms of net profit margin ration in 2016 is 153.16 as compared to both years. Company has earned more profit in the year of 2016. At the same, return on assets in 2014is 6.59 to 2016 is 10.1. It is favorable for the company. In addition to this, the return on equity ratio in 2015 is 12.01 an in the year 2016, it is 14.58. It shows that the company has doing its business effectively. The Company earns good profit in 2016. On the other hand, compared with the competitive firm, the GPT group has earned more profit as compare with LJ Hooker. Understand management and Governance Communication and enforcement of integrity and ethical values: GPT Group increases the robust framework in its business operations that clearly indicate the code of internal and ethics communication policies, which helps the management in taking effective decision (Thomas and Sassi, 2011). The bank is effectively designed, implemented and increased an integrated compliance framework, which set by the compliance policy and supported by compliance process, assurance and plans. Likewise, the board offers a strong compliance culture, which has disseminated at all hierarchical levels as well as has based on the sound regulations, best practices and sound law. Participation by those charged with governance: Experience and Stature of Board members: In present, there are 9 board members with having more than 30 years experience in their duties. One is group chief executive and chairperson and 7 members is non- executive director (Woods, et al., 2012). Interactions with external and internal auditors: The board of director has appropriately evaluated the reports previously represented to the external auditors (Mihret and Admassu, 2011). The board of directs have evaluated and admired the whole report before representing to the auditors and yield appropriate response in any issue. The extent of involvement: The association of the board has to present the stakeholder and serve the interest of the business with analyzing its strategies, performance and policies. Besides, the companys performance has monitored by the board and makes sustainable value for stakeholder during agreement with duties and responsibility by the board of company and law (?enda? et al., 2012). Independence from management: The directors independence level has based on the conditions. Following the some condition as per below: The company within the previous five years associates with the director. The companys director has established several compensation and fees during the type of share and cash as well as whether or not the director contributions during the companys executive shared the option performance pays schemes (Ben-Amar and Zeghal, 2011). The director has significant investment in the business and if he/she present and signify the significant investor of the business. rganizational structure: Criteria of taking and management of business risk: An important part of business is comprises of management of business risk. It exists in the form of two categories. Initial risk is associated with finance, which is effectively managed by the finance team (Bromiley, et al., 2015). This may happened due to inefficient management of cash flow to operations. Another risk is associated with the fall in sale and profitability. Action and attitude for financial reporting: Fairness, consistency and transparency are some of the attributes provided by financial reporting standards. Subjective judgment of management faces several types of issues like valuating profits and measures of deprecation. Financial issue profits an understanding on various issues and behavior to the auditor (Lou and Wang 2011). Attitude towards information processing and accounting functions and personnel: Optimum qualified staff equipped with full finance and information technology is very essential connections with third parties, control and administrative systems aids in taking strategic decisions to the managers (Egan and Mullin, 2012). Structure of organization: An ISA 315 standard provides structure to bank. It means that framework of banking activities provides help in achieving its objectives (Ong, et al., 2014). In the documents of the company GPT has situates in different countries and it has operating its business in different countries. Human Resource policies and practices: In order with ISA 315, human resource has a key matter into the business, which concerned the standards of control. In the IAS 315, the plans and necessities have structured by this manner that make sure which only competent individuals by integrity that has employed with the company. The company member has allotted the task and compare with the performance according to the standers (Alfes, et al., 2013). The company has accomplished the induction program for the new workers. On the other hand, the company has provided the suitable training to the workers according to their position and role. Assignment of authority and responsibility: The Companys procedures have spread in the different countries. The workforce size has the large that shows the larger amount of the assignment of the responsibility and authority (Dafflon, 2015). The clear authority and responsibility has construction, which specify points the objectives, responsibility and action of the entities, which helped the decision-making. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that the external factor have impacted to an organization in great manner. It is analyzed that the Australian real estate market is highly competitive in the world therefore the related organizations must evaluate the industry with analyzing different external factors for better business results. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., (2013) The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Ben-Amar, W. and Zeghal, D., (2011) Board of directors' independence and executive compensation disclosure transparency: Canadian evidence.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,12(1), pp.43-60. Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A. and Rustambekov, E., (2015) Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions.Long range planning,48(4), pp.265-276. Business Insider (2017) GPT GROUP O.N. PROFILE. [Online]. Available at: https://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/gpt_group_on/company-profile (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Dafflon, B., (2015) The assignment of functions to decentralized government: from theory to practice.Handbook of multilevel finance, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp.163-199. Delacy, M. (2015) Setting up a solid supply chain. [Online]. Available at: https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/setting-up-a-solid-supply-chain/ (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Egan, P.J. and Mullin, M., (2012) Turning personal experience into political attitudes: The effect of local weather on Americans perceptions about global warming.The Journal of Politics,74(3), pp.796-809. GPT Group. (2017) A Leader In Australian Property [Online]. Available at: https://www.gpt.com.au/ (Accessed: 7 September, 2017). Kenis, M., Bacher, S., Baker, R. H. A., Branquart, E., Brunel, S., Holt, J., and Pysek, P. (2012) New protocols to assess the environmental impact of pests in the EPPO decision?support scheme for pest risk analysis.EPPO Bulletin,42(1), pp. 21-27. KPMG (2017) Real Estate Construction. [Online]. Available at: https://home.kpmg.com/au/en/home/industries/real-estate.html (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Lj Hooker. (2017) Real Estate in Australia [Online]. Available at: https://www.ljhooker.com.au/?ref=com (Accessed: 7 September, 2017). Lou, Y.I. and Wang, M.L., (2011) Fraud risk factor of the fraud triangle assessing the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting.Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER),7(2). Macro, D. A. (2017) 6 FACTORS THAT DRIVE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY MARKETS IN AUSTRALIA. [Online]. Available at: https://propertyupdate.com.au/6-factors-drive-residential-property-markets-australia/ (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Mihret, D.G. and Admassu, M.A., (2011) Reliance of external auditors on internal audit work: A corporate governance perspective.International business research,4(2), pp.67-79. Ong, R.G., Chundawat, S.P., Hodge, D.B., Keskar, S. and Dale, B.E., (2014) Linking plant biology and pretreatment: understanding the structure and organization of the plant cell wall and interactions with cellulosic biofuel production. InPlants and bioenergy(pp. 231-253). Springer New York. Queensland Government (2017) PEST analysis. [Online]. Available at: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/tendering/understanding-buyer/researching/pest (Accessed: 7 September 2017). ?enda?, S., Duran, M. and Fraser, M.R., (2012) Surveying the extent of involvement in online academic dishonesty (e-dishonesty) related practices among university students and the rationale students provide: One universitys experience.Computers in Human Behavior,28(3), pp.849-860. The GPT Group (2017) Funds Management. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gpt.com.au/funds-management (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Thomas, E.E. and Sassi, K., (2011) An ethical dilemma: Talking about plagiarism and academic integrity in the digital age.English Journal, pp.47-53. Trade Portal (2017) AUSTRALIA: LEGAL ENVIRONMENT. [Online]. Available at: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/australia/legal-environment (Accessed: 6 September 2017). Trading Economics (2017) Australia Inflation Rate. [Online]. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi/forecast (Accessed: 7 September 2017). Trading Economics (2017) Australia Interest Rate. [Online]. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/interest-rate (Accessed: 7 September 2017). Woods, J.A., Dalziel, T. and Barton, S.L., (2012) Escalation of commitment in private family businesses: The influence of outside board members.Journal of Family Business Strategy,3(1), pp.18-27. Zalucki, M. P., Furlong, M. J., Srinivasan, R., Shelton, A. M., and Collins, H. L. (2011) Predicting outbreaks of a migratory pest: an analysis of DBM distribution and abundance revisited. InInternational Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests (6th, 2011). AVRDC: The World Vegetable Centre.pp. 8-14.

Night Shifts (After Seneca) free essay sample

There I stand behind a counter that blocks me from this world. I hear the customers chit-chat in a high pitch only known as frustration. Which will she buy for the dress, she declares, seeing her daughter. The daughter responds in a tone maybe only dogs should hear that she hates every last option. In the background you get the white-out noise of a dissatisfied huff which could only mean that they theyre going to argue when they get to the front. A small little carriage squeaks as it passes, sharing that the lady will be leaving soon. I stand not sure whether to roll the cart to put away the fabric or to stay and help my friend. He mumbles to himself how he needs a smoke and a good coffee as he stomps his feet and forcefully puts the fabric on the table with a smack. He has some type of old and whimsical music playing from a not so timeless radio. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Shifts (After Seneca) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A couple asks for assistance in the jewelry section, and he with his overly alert mind, has a rapid response. I hear him walk away from the counter from which we stand. The manger is quickly speaking Spanish (which she does not know all the words to) in an attempt to talk to an older gentleman about how to make a gift to surprise his youngest. She with her loud voice can be heard from a few rows awaya sing song-y voice that rolls into laughter. Handing me the fabric he needs cut, I try to find the groove for cutting and the sound of metal meeting itself ends with a clunk. As the scissors now snip into the fabric, she continues to talk louder as she steps into the next aisle till she finds what she was looking for. You can now hear my friend returning from helping the couple; I can almost feel his scream as it hits my ear when he sets off the seasonal motion sensor products. He overly complains that he isnt paid for a heart attack but really is now fighting the laughter that wont sto p, seeing this will be the second time this night he mimicked a small childs scream. Now to quiet the store, he gets on the speaker and announces that we will be closing soon in attempt to have everyone stop commenting on the last event. As we begin to close, you hear the final carriages being put back into their homes with the sound of them forcefully being put back together. The soft chatter of each customer leaving the store begins to die out till only one or two are left. The time is coming close to the end with each announcement booming over our heads; you can hear each workers desperation to finally walk through the doors to start their journeys home. One co-worker has begun the deep sighs of exhaustion that can tell the story of what life has thrown at them. It is finally closing time. As the last few customers head to the front, so do the employees. One of us heads to the door to lock it as each person finishes their transaction. One girl checks out the rest of the line as the manager begins to close the draws. You can hear many good nights and final questions. Trying to close as fast as we can, we escort the last one out. The store haves everything lock and ready to rest. My friend calls over the manger, and they go out for a last smoke before the real work begins. Being outside in the bitter air, you can almost hear the soft hum of the highway and even more closer the street with cars stopping and starting every few minutes to the rhythm of the light. There is a family coming out of the restaurant a few stores down, and the kids are squealing as they run to the car. They shout encouragements to their parents who fall more and more behind. My friend slowly talks about art and the meaning of life as he quickly starts whaling at the moonas if his problems were goi ng to be fixed by it. My manager sits on the curb, only making sounds of agreement, and pings are coming from the devices in her hands. Inside there is a lot of work to be done. There is fabric to be put away and trash to go out with a timer cause someone forgot a lunch break and cant stay any later then asked. The sound of each employee turning on their music starts so each corner of the store seems to have a taste of each type. Its more livelier everyone is talking about their day and happy to share what been happening at home. The sound or the click of all the radios turn off as each one decides that yelling and hollering to each other is a better choice. I go back to the cart I didnt know if I wanted to put away earlier, knowing I have to drag it as the heavyweight of it makes it crash into each end cap. The sense of working near someone is comforting as each does their own thing, hearing the sound of breath if not the music of choice first. The sound of the light switch clickin g slowly starts, and the carts squeak back to their homes as the alarm beeps, warning that anyone left isnt wanted company, and with that we close for ourselves.

5 Effective Ways of How to Write an Essay in One Night

If you are reading this article, chances are, you are in trouble. Perhaps, you have been procrastinating until the very last minute, or were buried deep under other work, or werent able to dedicate your time fully to your writing for some other purpose. The outcome is the same you are supposed to hand your research paper in tomorrow, and you are still at square one. You have just one night to begin and complete the essay, so what are you going to do? One thing is for sure you are not getting any sleep tonight. As for all the rest, we are going to cover it in this article. How to Write a Research Paper in One Night If you have an urgent assignment due the tomorrow morning, you will have to work for the whole night. When writing a paper in one night, you will be pressed not just by the lack of time, but by exhaustion and sleepiness as well. All this means that you should pay extra attention not just to the actual writing techniques, but to how you organize the very writing process as well. Stock up on healthy snacks for studying. You are going to need some energy to keep you going through the night. Being distracted by hunger isnt very conducive for the efficient work. At the same time, it isnt the best idea to take long breaks to have a full-fledged meal, so snacks are the way to go. Nuts are especially recommended they give plenty of energy without causing a sugar rush that may leave you exhausted after it passes; Use the power of caffeine. Whether you like coffee and energy drinks, you need them to keep you awake and aware throughout the night. So get a lot of it. Just make sure to be careful drinking concentrated energy drinks and dont mix them with prescription drugs; Take breaks. It may seem counterintuitive when you need to get a job done as fast as possible, but experience shows us that occasional short breaks more than compensate for the time you lose on them. The longer you work, the less efficiently your brain functions. There comes a time when you simply stare at the screen, unable to think about another word to type. Short breaks (preferably combined with bouts of physical exercise) wont restore your brain to full capacity, but they will still recharge you a little bit and make it easier to go on; Keep yourself hydrated. Water is essential for proper functioning of the brain and your energy levels, and caffeinated drinks cannot serve as a replacement. So, get a bottle of water and keep it close at hand; Make sure you dont get distracted. Writing at night has its benefits, as most people are asleep, and there are fewer things in your immediate vicinity to call for your attention. Nevertheless, you should take care to eliminate all the potential distractions, especially those that you know are attractive for you. Turn off your smartphone, disable notifications in social media and email. Even better, use some blocking software like RescueTime to prevent yourself from visiting your favorite websites you are going to work using the Internet, so these are especially dangerous for your concentration. 5 Preparation Tips to Follow at Night You have to submit your paper in the morning. This means that you have a very limited amount of time to complete your job. Each minute has to be used to the fullest. This means that some preparation is in order if you just plunge into writing, at the very best, your paper will be unreadable. At worst, you wont be able to finish it on time at all. Brace yourself for the worst. If youve done absolutely no reading on the subject matter of your paper, consider accepting the fact that you wont be able to hand the paper in tomorrow. Contact your instructor and inform them that your paper will be late. In many ways, it is preferable to simply not handing it in because you werent able to complete the job on time. Another alternative is to submit a poorly written paper because it is very likely to be the only thing you can churn out in just 1 night. It is not the end of the world, nor it is an easy way out it is just a way of cutting your losses when you still have time to do it with dignity; Plan your time. As you have very little time, you have to use it to the maximum efficiency. To do so, you have to prepare a plan and stick to it. If you simply sit down and get to work, you will not be able to track your progress and see that, for example, you are taking too long at a certain stage and wont be able to finish on time if you continue in this fashion. Break your time into 30-minute intervals and evaluate how much of if you need for each task. Try to have at least an hour unassigned to anything because some steps will inevitably take longer than planned. Take your time reading the prompt. You are in a hurry, but not reading the prompt attentively can lead to catastrophic results you may miss some important details (like the need to use a certain number of sources) or misunderstand the question entirely. It is unpleasant enough in normal circumstances, but right now, you cannot afford to find out that the essay youve just finished was written using a wrong prompt. Ideally, you should write down the main points of the prompt in your own words so that you can refer to them later on this way, you can be sure youve understood everything correctly; Make sure you understand the style and formatting guidelines. Be too quick to read them, and you may realize too late that youve gotten things wrong and had to single space your paper and now you have to write as much as youve already done, but there is no time to do so; Take notes from reliable sources. If youve done some reading and have at least a basic acquaintance with the topic, organize the books and sources you have. Skim over them and make notes, marking down fragments you want to cite. 6 Writing Tips to Prepare a Well-Written Paper Writing an urgent paper isnt much different from writing when you have all the time in the world you just have to work fast and dont have the right to make any mistakes. This means that you should carefully divide your work into stages and avoid dispersing your attention. Do one thing at a time, never getting distracted either by things outside your job or by other stages. #1. Dont even consider plagiarizing. We live in times when even middle school English teachers use plagiarism checkers when looking through the works of their students. In most cases, plagiarism is immediately obvious even without specialized software, but even if it isnt, any checker will immediately spot your attempt at copy/paste. You will get caught and some consequences of plagiarism are possible. At the very best, it will get on your record. At worst, you will be expelled; #2. Think about a thesis statement. This is a key to any successful paper. Without a clear, concise and definite thesis statement, an assignment risks turning out to be weak, unfocused, and vague. Think about the main argument you make in your paper and try to formulate it in a single sentence. If you have problems doing this, it means that you havent fully understood what is required of you. Therefore, you have to spend some time clarifying your point. After you manage to create a thesis statement, write it down on a separate sheet of paper. Keep it in front of you at all times so that you dont stray away from your primary topic; #3. Do a short brainstorming session. Write down any ideas that can help you support your argument. This is a good time to start marking down the quotes and references you are going to make. Write down everything that comes into your head dont try to separate good ideas from bad ones at this point, you dont have to use everything you come up with right now; #4. Prepare an outline, i.e., a detailed plan for your paper. It should include, in short form, everything you intend to write in every part of your essay: how you introduce the topic, your thesis statement, points to be mentioned in each paragraph along with the accompanying supporting evidence, how you want to sum things up in the conclusion, and so on. A well-written outline means that when it comes to writing per se, you will simply have to elaborate on each point to get a full-fledged paper; #5. Be concise. Whether you have a word count to fill in or not, padding your text wont help you. If you simply have to drive your point home, you dont have time for long-winded phrases. If you have to achieve a certain word count, your instructor will immediately spot your attempts at bloating your paper with filler, which can lead to a worse grade than you can receive if you write your college assignment properly. Short and simple sentences arent a sign of low intelligence if you successfully express your thoughts, it is the sign of thinking that cuts to the chase and eliminates unnecessary details; #6. Proofread. Dont treat proofreading as something that you will do if you have some time and energy left after youve finished with the real work. Proofreading is just as a real work as gathering sources and writing, especially if you write in such a hurry. When you have a few hours to complete a paper, you are bound to make mistakes that can seriously decrease your chances of getting a good grade. Ideally, you should let your paper lie a little bit before you start proofreading it. Obviously, this is not the situation when it is possible, so use whatever time is left to do it. Check your formatting for compliance with college guidelines and your assigned formatting style. Check your style if you find colloquialisms, jargon or slang, eliminate it. Avoid passive voice in most cases, it makes speech lifeless and hard to read. We hope these tips will help you deal with your situation right now and emerge from this crisis with flying colors. And perhaps, the memory of this experience will be enough to prevent you from procrastinating the next time you have to write an important assignment!

Free Essays on Comparing And Competing

When I was in elementary school, our classes would compete in sales of Christmas cards as a fundraiser for various equipment and supplies. The winning class received an ice cream party, and the student acquiring the most sales won a special award. Being quite competitive, I found myself challenged by a boy in another classroom. I worked very hard making phone calls to all my relatives, knocking on doors in my neighborhood, and even begging for sales at my church. â€Å"Marco’s† family, however, was affluent, and she didn’t have to exert much effort selling his cards. His parents just purchased the whole case of cards and that was the end of that. I took this as a personal affront and I began to compare myself to him and my family to his. The next year, the big finale was a history contest in the library that showcased on the final contestants: Marco and me. I had great hopes that our class would win. Then I learned that Marco knew that father of Alexander the Great had only one eye and I had missed that. His intelligence loomed before me, merging with my already tainted image of his perfect little self and â€Å"financially privileged† family (as I thought of them). As for me, I had become frustrated, discouraged, and depressed with the faulty images of my life I had accepted. I was uncertain about my future and whether or not I would ever amount to anything of value to anyone. I had worked so hard to win approval- to be like Marco- but I had failed, at least in my own heart. I just didn’t measure up to my own expectations. If I couldn’t be like him, then who was I? Out of desperation I shared my struggles with my grandmother, Zorka. She told me that I did not have to be like anyone else on earth; that she loved me for who I was. She, also, said not to limit my possibilities by what I see in someone else's life or what others expect of me. The anger and bitterness began to melt away Gradually; I let go of compar... Free Essays on Comparing And Competing Free Essays on Comparing And Competing When I was in elementary school, our classes would compete in sales of Christmas cards as a fundraiser for various equipment and supplies. The winning class received an ice cream party, and the student acquiring the most sales won a special award. Being quite competitive, I found myself challenged by a boy in another classroom. I worked very hard making phone calls to all my relatives, knocking on doors in my neighborhood, and even begging for sales at my church. â€Å"Marco’s† family, however, was affluent, and she didn’t have to exert much effort selling his cards. His parents just purchased the whole case of cards and that was the end of that. I took this as a personal affront and I began to compare myself to him and my family to his. The next year, the big finale was a history contest in the library that showcased on the final contestants: Marco and me. I had great hopes that our class would win. Then I learned that Marco knew that father of Alexander the Great had only one eye and I had missed that. His intelligence loomed before me, merging with my already tainted image of his perfect little self and â€Å"financially privileged† family (as I thought of them). As for me, I had become frustrated, discouraged, and depressed with the faulty images of my life I had accepted. I was uncertain about my future and whether or not I would ever amount to anything of value to anyone. I had worked so hard to win approval- to be like Marco- but I had failed, at least in my own heart. I just didn’t measure up to my own expectations. If I couldn’t be like him, then who was I? Out of desperation I shared my struggles with my grandmother, Zorka. She told me that I did not have to be like anyone else on earth; that she loved me for who I was. She, also, said not to limit my possibilities by what I see in someone else's life or what others expect of me. The anger and bitterness began to melt away Gradually; I let go of compar...

Reply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reply - Essay Example In fact, firms and museums usually experience mismanagement of their resources, which mostly leads to collapse of the organizations. Apart from competing for limited resources, both institutions always aim at making profits. In this case, both the firm and museums tend to utilize monetary and natural resources in ensuring that their businesses make profit. The fact that both institutions aim at making profit, it therefore means that they are always attracting new clients hence depending on them for survival. Without visitors and clients, both institutions remain non-operational. The visitors in this case help in granting funding and operations in both institutions. In simple terms, firms and museums always strive to survive in their markets. In fact, innovations remain important to both institutions. Additionally, both institutions have various laws and constitutions which tend to govern them during their operations. To achieve their objectives, both institutions always have specific management types. Lastly, both institutions also have various cultures, which help in attracting their niche customers. In fact, th eir cultures help in allowing both institutions in making valuable profits hence meeting their client’s

Israeli Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israeli Sovereignty - Essay Example in Palestine was estimated to be around 590,000 as compared to approximately 1,320,000 Palestinians, making the Jews equal approximately 31 percent of the total population (Kjeilen, 2006). The Arab nations voiced immediate opposition to the UN’s 1947 plan, joined soon after Israel’s foundation by Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, in a struggle that continues to this day. At the opening ceremony of the Syrian-Israeli peace talks on December 11, 2000, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk al-Shara stated, â€Å"It goes without saying that peace for Syria means the return of all its occupied land. Those who reject to return the occupied territories to their original owners in the framework of international legitimacy send a message to the Arabs that the conflict between Israel and Arabs is a conflict of existence in which bloodshed can never stop.† The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz, at the 2002 Arab League summit in Beirut, said, â€Å"I propose that the Arab summit put forward a clear and unanimous initiative addressed to the United Nations Security Council based on two basic issues: normal relations and security for Israel in exchange for full withdrawal from all occupied Arab territories.† Irans Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi, in a September 21, 2002 Washington Post interview entitled â€Å"The War and Iran,† stated â€Å"We do not recognize Israel as a government. We believe that eventually Palestinian refugees have to return to their homeland† (Israeli-Palestinian Pro-Con 2004). Since the state was founded, much of the world’s population, including opinion in the Israel-friendly United States, has become opposed the existence of Israel as an independent state. In the U.S., from Boston to San Francisco, people openly espouse this belief. â€Å"No country has a right to exist, certainly not one that was founded through the destruction of another country. Was Palestine ever afforded a right to exist?† claims a San Franciscan

Business Analysis Tools Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Business Analysis Tools - Dissertation Example It involves integration, summarization, and abstraction as well as ratios, trends, and allocations.† It entails extrapolating useful data from huge knowledge repositories that deal with trends, allocations, ratios, integration, summarization, and abstractions. It involves comparing and resolving generalizations based on information to model-based suppositions. Business Intelligence deals with innovative thinking that data enhances and the measurement of the innovative notions that the organization initiates. It pertains to using data well, knowing how to measure it, and extracting information from its models. Business intelligence operates as a continuous pool of data analysis and decision-making enhancement. Its framework comprises conflict resolution, access models, data collection, dimensional structuring, model verification, predictive models, data synthesis, access processes, knowledge sharing, intuitive representations, prescriptions, resource strategies, decision impleme ntation, and scenario analysis (Rao, 2000, p. 517). Rajteric (2010) cites the definition of Howard Dresner, who described it as â€Å"concepts and methodologies for improvement of business decisions using facts and information from supporting systems.† (p. 47). The author cites those definitions of Azvine and Wells, which stress the ability of organizations to attain business objectives and effectiveness: â€Å"Business Intelligence is all about capturing, accessing, understanding, analyzing and converting one of the fundamental and most precious assets of the company, represented by the raw data, into active information in order to improve business† (p. 47); Wells’ meaning of â€Å"Business Intelligence is the capability of the organization or company to explain,... In reviewing the literature, many definitions of Business Intelligence exist. Rao offers an excellent definition of Business Intelligence: â€Å"Business Intelligence (BI) is about synthesizing useful knowledge from large datasets. It involves integration, summarization, and abstraction as well as ratios, trends, and allocations.† It entails extrapolating useful data from huge knowledge repositories that deal with trends, allocations, ratios, integration, summarization. It involves comparing and resolving generalizations based on information to model-based suppositions. Business Intelligence deals with innovative thinking that data enhances and the measurement of the innovative notions that the organization initiates. It pertains to using data well, knowing how to measure it, and extracting information from its models. Business intelligence operates as a continuous pool of data analysis and decision-making enhancement. Its framework comprises conflict resolution, access models , data collection, dimensional structuring, model verification, predictive models, data synthesis, access processes, knowledge sharing, intuitive representations, prescriptions, resource strategies, decision implementation, and scenario analysis.In other literature review, Sell et al (2011) define Business Intelligence (BI) as the incorporation of a pattern of tools to sustain the conversion of data into information in enhancing decision making. In addition, organizations utilize BI to study data for their needs.

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context This single treatise on the Science of Politics has been prepared mostly by bringing together the teaching of as many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of earth. Indian strategic thought in modern times is more often than not submerged in the western thought processes. Allusions to Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz and more recently the treatise on Unrestricted Warfare by the two Chinese colonels is recurrent in the writings on theories of international relations and warfare, mostly crafted by the developed countries. Orations on political science consider the idea of the state as an European phenomena. Lessons on political theory and political philosophy confine to the Greek Trinity of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and stay within the Western World. Modern India, at times, seems to flounder in its responses to these thought processes. India, a nation, which bequeathed Zero to the world, is justifiably determined not to be reduced to a nonentity in the international arena. As it marches firmly into the 21st Century, it would do the nation a world of good, if it pauses, and looks back hard, at the rich strategic and military heritage of its own, stretching back to more than two and a half millennium of recorded history. Significant amongst them would be Kautilyas Arthashastra a cornucopia of economic, political, diplomatic, administrative, military and strategic perspicacity. Many of the aspects of a State that the Westphalian system incorporates in 1648, were already done by the Kautilyan State in 300 BC. India, it seems, has unfortunately turned its back on its rich heritage. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya predestined to be relegated to the dustbins of history or ordained to a few convenient quotations? Can we be justifiably proud of his astuteness or flinch at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead so as to render his teachings to be extraneous? Do we need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the mind, as one occasionally picks up and glimpses through the Kautilyas Arthashastra. Hypothesis. With the above background, the following hypothesis has been formulated:- The timeless nature of Kautilyas teachings has significant relevance, both in the present and foreseeable future, for the conduct of foreign policy and warfare in the Indian context. Statement of the Problem. To prove the line of argument mentioned in the hypothesis, statement of the problem of the dissertation is as delineated below. To study the salient teachings of Kautilya and analyse their relevance, with respect to foreign affairs and warfare, in the Indian context, in the present and foreseeable future. Justification of the Study. Kautilya or Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta has had a reverential fascination for the Indian students of warfare. For many Indians, brought up in the Sino-Indian rivalry, subconsciously, he has been Indias answer to Chinas Sun Tzu (544 BC-496 BC) their nearly contemporaneous lives furthering their comparisons. However, unfortunately, the Indian Army has never institutionalized the study of Kautilya and his famous treatise Arthashastra. Promotion exams have never deemed it fit to cast a glance at the man and his work while seriously lapping up lesser mortals. But for a research project or a dissertation once in a couple of years, the neglect has been deafening. Stray quotes, often without the benefit of a serious study, do embellish individual speakers talks/presentations. Various seminars such as the Indian Art of warfare by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) in 2008, One Hundred Years of Kautilyas Arthashastra by the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and a Worksho p on Kautilya by the IDSA on the 18 Oct 2012 have been held, however, no serious effort has been made to make Kautilyan Arthashastra a mandatory part of the curriculum in Indian Army. To be honest among ourselves, much of what passes for strategic thinking in India today is derivative, using concepts, doctrines and a vocabulary derived from other cultures, times, places and conditions. This is why, with a few honorable exceptions like the home-grown nuclear doctrine, it fails to serve our needs, impact policy, or to find a place in domestic and international discourse  [2]  . By reading Kautilya (and other texts like the Shantiparva of the Mahabharata) one is reminded of the rich experience in our tradition of multipolarity, of asymmetries in the distribution of power, of debate on the purposes of power (where dharma is defined), of the utility of force, and of several other issues with contemporary resonance. In many ways it is Indias historical experience of poly-centric multi-state systems, plurality, and of the omni-directional diplomacy and relativistic statecraft that it produced, which is closer to the world we see today. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya ordained to be consigned to the dustbins of history or relegated (as he is at present) to a few convenient quotations? Can one be justifiably proud of his teachings or cringe at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead to render his teachings irrelevant? Do we still need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the minds as one occasionally picks up / glances through Kautilyas Arthashastra. It is interesting to note that many other antagonist countries neighbouring India, have studied Kautilyan theories in greater detail than we have, only to use Kautilyan model to contain and degrade Delhis power. The study is believed to be a part of the curriculum in the Defence Services Staff College at Quetta. The study of Kautilyas Arthashastra has to be annealed by the realism that the world has definitely moved on, especially since the Industrial and Informational Ages. The more significant of the changes include:- Nation-States have emerged since the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 and have replaced monarchies. Democracy has spread its roots wide and deep and a more egalitarian society is on the upswing, albeit with glaring exceptions. The idea of war as the preferred option to settle disputes has been largely replaced by war as the frowned upon option in international forum with deterrence being the buzzword. Economics and trade in an progressively globalised and symbiotic world have become major thespians in the arena of international relations. Multi National Corporations (MNC) has grown in stature, power and influence. Religion as a factor has gained disproportionately greater prominence in international relations. Terrorism and fourth generation warfare have begun to alter the fundamental rules of warfare. Scales of destruction wrought by nuclear and conventional weapons have increased by phenomenal multiples coupled with increased battlefield transparency, real time data transfer, precision strikes and communications. Human migration and the consequent influence positive and negative of diasporas have created subtle pressure points. Notwithstanding the dramatic transformation in the society and conduct of warfare and diplomacy, any serious student of warfare needs to study Kautilyas Arthashastra. But why? As practitioners of national security, to gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian military tradition. It is not only sufficient to lay claims as one of the worlds ancient civilizations, as military men, it is important to understand the military contribution to the growth of ancient Indian civilization. Certain aspects of warfare, international relations and internal security do not change and are timeless. Nation states are primarily driven by their national interests. Hence we must not fail to learn from the wealth of accumulated wisdom of centuries of yore since Those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it  [3]  . Although, we live in a world that is different from Kautilyas in terms of technology and experience, But human responses are still similar, as is the behaviour of the states that humans create and run. Human emotions, however rational and cool, are the basic drivers of policies and actions at all levels. Reading and understanding Kautilya helps us by broadening our vision on issues of strategy. To develop pride in Indian lineage of strategic thought. To reconnect with the rich Indian tradition of strategic thought and contribute to the evolution of our own strategic vocabulary and thought. The fact that the script of Arthashastra was discovered only in 1905 and was translated and published in 1914, gave it a delayed start over many other schools of thought. Moreover, India at the height of Non-violent Independence Struggle and Gandhian-Nehruvian- Buddhist ideology had no place for Kautilya Neeti with its strong streak of Realist School of Thought. Indians own lack of pride in Ancient Indian Civilization and the desire of the elite to read English, speak English, think English and behave English could have led to the marginalisation of Kautilyan thoughts. The difficulty in studying Kautilya and his times are due to the cartographic gaps, poor state and progression of maps and the controversies about the age and identity of the Kautilya himself. The contemplations about the age of the work vary between 4th century BCE and 3rd Century ACE. There are different views about the authorship of the ArathaShastra. One holds that Kautilya was a single person who wrote it by himself while the other claims it to be a compiled work by authors under the rubric of Kautilya. A few scholars find the traces of all strategies and diplomacy within the Arthashastra while others allege that its importance is magnified and overstated. English translations published, including those of foreign authors were serious scholarly studies. Even Penguins Kautilya, The Arthashastra, a mammoth classic of 868 pages authored by L N Rangarajan (LNR) and published in a simplified form in 1992, dissuaded many but the most ardent of the readers. Arthashastra remained out of reach for all but the serious scholars. However, to the credit of the scholars, both Indian and foreign, it must be well acknowledged, that they have done a monumental service in bringing Arthashastra to our doorsteps. The Indian defence forces immersed in their studies of military campaigns and principles of warfare propounded by Europeans and Americans have found little use (but for a few quotations here and there) for a man who was supposed to have penned his thoughts during the Mauryan Era. In fact, the Indian defence forces have largely been guilty of neglecting pre-independence home-grown military craft and strategic thought. We are afflicted with neglect of our pre-modern histories. Indias supposedly incoherent strategic approach is actually a colonial construct, as is the idea of Indians somehow forgetting their own history and needing to be taught it by Westerners who retrieved it to perpetuate colonial rule and, after independence, to induce self-doubt and a willingness to follow. Limitations and Certain Guidelines Followed The study is limited by the authors inability to understand Sanskrit, the language in which Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra. The research is hence based on English Translations of Kautilyas Arthashastra. Prof RP Kangles seminal three volume publication, The Kautilya Arthashastra, has been considered as the basis of research, supplemented by Prof LN Rangarajans 868 pages classic, Kautilya The Arthashastra, published by Penguin, Dr R. Shamasastry, the first discover and translator of manuscript of Kautilyas Arthashastra and other publications mentioned in the bibliography. The names Kautilya and Kautilya have been interchangeably used since different authors have used either or both the names. Mostly, the dissertation has endeavoured to use the name Kautilya. Scope. This study will begin with the Arthashastra itself with more detailed consideration to those portions that specifically deal with interstate relations and warfare. Although there is a substantial text related to the economic, political, administrative, judicial and strategic aspects of the state, they will not be discussed in this thesis. Methods of Data Collection The study is based on descriptive research. All the information for the study is gathered from various books available in the library and from the Internet. The following books have been consulted:- The Kautilya Arthashastra by RP Kangle (CDM Library). Kautilyan Arthashastra by MB Chande (CDM Library). Kautilya Arthashastra original translation by R. Shamasastry in 1915. (Internet Download http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.cfm). The First Great Political Realist : Kautilya and his Arthashastra by Roger Boesche (Recommended to be procured by CDM library USD 28). Layout The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter One deals with introducing the subject, hypothesis and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- Chapter 2 Introduction to Kautilya and his premier work the Arthashastra. Chapter 3 Essentials of Kautilyan teachings on foreign affairs and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 4 Kautilyan thoughts on conduct of warfare and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 5 Recommendations Conclusion. CHAPTER II KAUTILYA: THE MAN AND HIS WORK A PRIMER Introduction. Kautilya is well known in history as a kingmaker. He overthrew the last king of Nanda dynasty and placed the great Maurya Chandragupt on the throne and established him in Magadh. Magadh was the largest, richest, and most powerful kingdom in India in 300 BC. Kautilya was also known by other names such as Vishnugupt and Kautilya. There are various theories about origin of Kautilya. One theory is that he was a brahmin from Kerala who was in the court of Nanda King at Patliputra. Another states that he was a North Indian brahmin, born and educated at the famous town of Taxila who came to Patliputra to win laurels in philosophic disputations. Kautilya was known for his proficiency in the Vedas, skill in strategy, intrigue and also physical ugliness. There are various legends about the meeting of Kautilya and Chandragupt Maurya. Some say that Chandragupta was of a royal lineage and while he was shunted out from the Nanda Kingdom, saw a young Brahmin pouring sugar syrup on some grass so that the ants could eat up the grass which had cut his feet. Seeing the determination and perseverance of Kautilya, he asked him for help. Another story goes that the scholars of Patliputra recognising the genius in Kautilya had honoured him by making him president of a Sangha (Trust), which administered kings grants and charities. The king felt disgusted at the ugliness of Kautilya and developed contempt towards Kautilya. There was no refinement in the words and conduct of Kautilya. The king removed Kautilya from the post of the president, Kautilya vowed to uproot his dynasty. During his wanderings, he came across Chandragupta Maurya. He found Chandragupta and other boys playing in a field. In their games Chandragupta was always the king and other children brought their problems to him. Kautilya was impressed by the wisdom of the child and chose him to be the king. While it is not the purpose of this research paper to question the veracity of the the origin of Arthashastra, it is nevertheless necessary to briefly touch upon this subject with a larger aim in mind. Whatever may have been the true circumstances of their meeting, both needed each other. After Kautilya got Chandragupta educated at Taxila, together they set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. Jointly they succeeded in defeating the king and installing Chandragupta as the king. They expanded the empire and created a vast kingdom in the Indus valley and the Gangetic plains even destroying the Greek-Macedonian troops led by Alexander the Great and firmly established the Maurya Empire. Once the empire was established, Kautilya retired from active life and is believed to have written Arthashastra during that period around 320 BC. Scriptures say that it is more in upbringing that makes a man as compared to his genetic makeup or even the company he keeps. Therefore it is important to know the atmosphere in which a person was brought up to make out his essence. However, our ancient historians and writers were not well versed with keeping a very exhaustive record of their times. This becomes more evident in the case of Kautilya whose early life has not been recorded. However, almost all agree to the fact that Kautilya was born to a well read scholar who knew the importance of education. It is this background that needs to be examined in any objective study of Kautilya. Kautilya has been misunderstood by a lot of people, mainly the modern western scholars. He was fearless, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and kind and evil to schemers. His writings which clearly show his fearlessness in the pursuit of truth have been echoed over 2000 years later when Swami Vivekananda cried out, Arise, Awake, and Sleep not till the goal is reached. Probably the most accurate description of Kautilya can be found in Nehrus words in the Discovery of India, Kautilya has been called the Indian Machiavelli and to some extent the comparison is justified. But he was a much bigger person in every way, greater in intellect and reason. He was no mere follower of a king or a humble adviser of an all powerful emperor. He was bold and scheming, proud and revengeful, never forgetting a slight, never forgetting his purpose, availing himself of every device to delude and delude and defeat the enemy. He sat with the reins of empire in his hands and looked upon the emperor more as a loved pupil than as master. Simple and austere in life, uninterested in pomp and pageantry of high position, when he had redeemed his pledge and accomplished his purpose, he retired to a life of contemplation. There is an ethical undertone in his thought and teaching. If one looks closely into his teaching, it is seen that Kautilya advocated moderation in material pleasures and adherence to the path of righteousness. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments or riches even after establishing the first Indian empire. He constantly exhorted to give up sensory pleasure and cultivate qualities like kindness, patience etc. In talking about the four stages of life (commonly followed in Hinduism), he feels mixing of spiritual and sensual aspects are essential with the former slowly displacing the latter in stages. One can go on and on with illustrations to prove Kautilyas farsightedness, keenness of perception, and infallibility. Arthashastra In 1902 a little known Bhatta Swamy of Tanjore chanced upon 168 palm leaves of text written sometime in the 4th century BC, he handed it over to a Sanskrit scholar Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry, who was a curator at Oriental Research Institute (ORI) of Mysore. Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry deciphered it to be the Kautilan Arthashastra and published the text in1909 and an English translation in 1915 along with an Index Verborum listing the occurrence of every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered. Dr R Shamasastry then revised his original translation. In addition to Dr R Shama Shastrys translation there is an edition of the text with a complete Sanskrit commentary by T Ganapati Sastri, a German translation with voluminous notes by Mr JJ Meyer, a Russian translation and translations in many Indian languages. Sometime in 1960s Dr RP Kangle of Bombay University published an edition of three volumes which contained the text with precise numbering of the verses, an English translation and an exhaustive study. In 1990 Dr LN Rangarajan published an edited and rearranged translation that has grouped the verses and improved clarity. Dr RP Kangle first published his three-volume edition between 1960 and 1965. The Volume I contains a definite critically edited text with precise numbering of the Sutras and Verses, Volume II is an English translation with the detailed notes which take into account all other translations and Volume III is an exhaustive study.  [4]  The reference in this dissertation to Kautilya Arthashastra i.e. the Book, Chapter and Shlokas is from Kangles English translation i.e. Volume II, unless otherwise specified. Arthashastra is a the product of centuries of evolved strategic thinking. Kautilya himself cites several previous authorities differing views on many issues. Bharadvaja, Vishalaksha, Parasara, Pisuna and others are mentioned often. Kautilya argues with them, while presenting their views before his own. Sadly, what we know of many of them is limited to what Kautilya tells us  [5]  . Kautilyan Arthashastra is a treatise on Arthashastra by Kautilya. The word Artha is the sustenance or livelihood (Vrtthih) of men; in other words, it means the earth inhabited by men. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of the earth. In words of the author himself The subsistence of mankind is termed artha, wealth; the earth which contains mankind is termed artha, wealth; that science which treats the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Arthashastra, Science of Polity. The Arthashastra, literally translated as the art of wealth, is an examp le of a genre common to the period. Arthashastra is a handbook for the king on art of governance. It is defined as the Shastra that shows how this activity of the acquisition and protection of the earth should be carried out. Arthashastra has a two-fold aim. First, it seeks to show how the ruler should protect his territory. This protection (palana) refers principally to the administration of the state. Second, it shows how territory should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory from others. Artha is understood to stand for material well-being as well as the means of securing such well-being, particularly, wealth. Thus, Arthashastra is understood as the science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as the external sphere it is the science of statecraft or of politics and administration.  [6]  The name Arthashastra for the science of politics and administration, though unusual, appears to be quite old and even finds mention in Mahabharata  [7]  . Thus the two cover the whole range of state activity. The Kautilyan Arthashastra contains fifteen Adhikaranas or Books, 150 Chapters, 180 Sections and 6000 Shlokas  [8]  . Of these, the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state, the next eight deal with avapa or relations of a state with neighbouring states, while the last two are miscellaneous in character.  [9]  Kautilyan Arthashastra is a detailed examination of all factors affecting the internal administration of the state, foreign policy and waging war. The topics covered by each of these 15 books are given below: Book 1. Deals with king his training, the appointment of ministers and other officers of the state, the daily routine to be followed by the ruler and his safety and security. Book 2. Describes the duties of various executive officers of the state and a full picture of state activities in agriculture, mining, leisure activities and so on. Book 3. It is concerned with law and the administration of justice, reproduces a complete code of law. Book 4. Deals with the suppression of crime and includes sections on detection of crime, control over merchants and artisans, torture and capital punishment. Book 5. It is a miscellaneous collection of topics including the salary scales of officials Book 6. It is very short, containing only two chapters, but both are important, since they set out the theoretical basis for the whole work. The first chapter sets out the theory of the constituent element of a state and the second the theory of foreign policy. Book 7. It contains an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations that are likely to arise in the conduct of foreign policy. Book 8. This is concerned with Vyasanas, usually translated as calamities, which may affect adversely the efficient functioning of the various constituent elements. Book 9. Deals with preparation for war and includes topics such as the different kinds of troops that could be moblised, the proper conditions for starting an expedition and the dangers to be guarded against before starting. Book 10. This book is concerned with fighting and describes the main battle camp, types of battle arrays and different modes of fighting. Book 11. This book has only one chapter and describes how a conqueror should tackle oligarchies governed by a group of chiefs instead of a single king. Book 12. It shows how a weak king, when threatened by a stronger king, should frustrate the latters designs and ultimately overcome him. Book 13. This book is concerned with conquest of the enemys fort by subterfuge / fight. It also describes how the conquered territories should be ruled. Book 14. It deals with secret and occult practices. Book 15. Describes the methodology and the logical techniques used in the work.  [10]   Disputes Over Period of Arthashastra The arguments put forth by the non-traditional school are many. The significant ones amongst them are outlined in the succeeding lines. There are no references to Chandragupta Maurya and his kingdom and his rule in Kautilyas Arthashastra. It also does not refer to the wars fought by Chandragupta. Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, in his famous account, Indica, does not refer to Kautilya at any time. Julius Jolly a German scholar for example, argues that according to Megasthenes, Indians knew only five metals and were inexperienced in mining and metallurgy, but the Arthashastra shows a highly developed technical skill and knowledge of chemical processes including knowledge of alchemy.  [11]  Hence it belongs to a later date. Theres also no reference to Pataliputra, the capital of Chandragupta Maurya at all in the text. Further, the text is primarily addressed to the ruler of a comparatively small state, a member of a circle of twelve more or less similar states.  [12]  This argument is also advanced to imply that the treatise was written much latter, even later than the Gupta period, when there was no empire in India. With respect to place names which figure in the text in Book 2 (The Activity of the Heads of Departments), K Nag has this to say Every serious historian will hesitate to consider as written in the fourth century BC, a treatise containing names like Harahura and Kapisa, Kamboja and Aratla, Bahilika and Vanayu (Arabia), Tamraparni and Pandyakarataka, Suvarna Kudya and Suvarna Bhumi, Cina and Nepala.  [13]  The mention of Cina has been especially singled out to indicate that the name came to be used for China only after the Chin dynasty established its sway over the whole of China in the second half of the third century BC  [14]  . The appearance of the word surunga a tunnel is shown by Otto Stein that the word is Greek in origin and hence a work making such frequent use of the word could not have been written so early as the fourth century BC  [15]  . Further, Stein asserts that the Arthashastra cannot claim a higher antiquity than those sciences, which the Chapter 2.10 (T he Topic of Edicts) presupposes, viz, stylistics, niti and writing  [16]  . The use of Sanskrit instead of Prakrits for writing royal decrees (as was done during Ashokas period and the practice of the Satavahanas  [17]  is also held up to indicate a later date. Others state that Arthashastra uses Philosophical Sutras, which appeared not before the fifth century AD. Certain well known treatises having similarity of content, like Yajna Valkaya, Manu Smriti, SilpaShastra AlamkaraShastra and Kamasutra of Vastsyayana have also been referred to, to indicate that Kautilyas Arthashastra could not have preceded them and hence has to be assigned a later date (third or fourth century AD). Some like RG Bhandarkar refer to the circumstance that Patanjali in his Mahabhasya  [18]  does not mention Kautilya, though he refers to the Sabha of Chandragupta and to the Mauryas. He therefore concludes that Kautilya must be assigned to a date later than that of the Mahabhasya  [19]  . Kangle in his seminal work has considered each of these objections and a few more. He then goes on to systematically put forth convincing arguments against them and proves that Kautilyas Arthashastra was indeed written in the fourth century BC. Megasthenes Indica is not completely available and is preserved only in fragments. One cannot be

The Great Gatsby in the American Classroom :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby in the American Classroom      Ã‚  Ã‚   In determining why The Great Gatsby is so frequently assigned at various education levels, my thoughts reverted to our discussion on the Vendler text and the premise that teachers may be attempting to seduce their students into learning. In connection to this discussion, I reflected on my own classroom and what I hope to achieve with my students. I find the "seduction" of students to be an integral component in teaching students to appreciate the learning process. Not all learning is "fun," but I attempt to teach my students that it can at least be an interesting process.    Do I teach Gatsby in my own classroom? No. Do I think it is a significant text to be taught? Yes. Do I think Gatsby should be included in the literary canon? I think that question is irrelevant. This is because teachers, if educated well, should be able to determine the needs of the classroom Sometimes these needs go beyond or outside of the literary canon. I understand the relevance of the literary canon to English studies, but I also perceive the canon primarily as a tool or resource for the teaching of English. The canon also helps to preserve works of literature, but mere usage also helps to preserve. If works of literature are continually used in the classroom because of their relevance and usefulness, then there is not truly a need to encapsulate that work of literature in the canon to preserve it. That preservation occurs through popular use. Being exposed daily to the challenge of engaging minds in a discourse on literature, I believe it is possible, and sometimes necessary, for teachers to structure their material to fit the needs of their students. Gatsby is one such novel that appears to be filling this role.    In the preface to The Great Gatsby, Matthew J. Bruccoli asserts that    The Great Gatsby is a classic-a novel that is read spontaneously by pleasure-seekers and and under duress by students. A popular classroom fallacy holds that classics are universal and timeless. Literature has staying power, but it is subject to metamorphosis. (vii)    The Great Gatsby is pushing its way into more and more classrooms, because it is interesting as a literary work and, moreover, because it remains relevant to issues in modern society.